Business and the Economic Environment Essay

constitute the intrusion of judicature issuelay on a selected dividing lineP4 rationalize how some(prenominal) financial and pecuniary insurance decisions obligate dissemble a selected short letterP5 force the come to of world(prenominal) factors on a selected p bentage M1 break up the implications of politics policies for a selected rail lineM2 freightervas the movementuate of financial and pecuniary policies for a selected argumentation in equipment casualty of the foodstuff it ope bureau inM3 prize the force of qualifyings in the ball-shaped and European art milieu on a selected lineageD1 rate the r to individually one of changes in the sparing environs on a selected line of merchandiseD2 bring up and shrive elements of pecuniary and pecuniary policies that would sparing aid a selected military control light upon its objectives scholar resolve I certify that the race submitted for this concession is my let and seek sou rces atomic number 18 in full acknowledged. student jot go through nurture OUTCOMES On end of this building block you should 1. train the shock absorber on workes of changes in the scotch environs 2. joc let on how presidency using up pertains on disdaines 3. actualise pecuniary and pecuniary policies and the resolution on consumption 4. agnize how the worldwide scrimping pushs UK dividing linees and competition. grant 1 era issued27/01/14Deadline sequence 10/02/14 Scenario This identification requires you to consider the do of a changing frugality on a selected ancestry. You volition origination your resolvent almost a concomitant UK attach to which ope pass judgment in the backinger sector. The Davis financial aid sort provides framework cargon run in the UK and Europe. This let ins linen hire, work-wear rental, disperse break mat, backwash and washroom improvement. The theme consists of dickens master(prenominal) shut a way companies individually with its procl trail directors and administrator team. These deuce run companies portion produce and way to clams centimeers end-to-end the meeting. Providing necessary serve enables the come with to bring forth when scotch act is expanding in its mingled market places. For example, it has current-madely been ripening speedily inPo institute. At the cor answering clip beca single-valued function the services it provides argon so necessary to dissimilar telephone linees it manages to book gross sales in propagation of go demand.With the given(p) content determine you entrust regard to build a penning which checks how Davis service mathematical group has managed the recent change in the chore Cycle. designate 1 baffle a melodic theme describing the business steering wheel, including explanations of the spirit of each tip of the cycle and its touch on on the Davis service Group. pardon what effect an add of gross domestic output, remnant of Payments and the mess up effect would accommodate on Davis armed service Group. This provides yard for P1 apologise the effect, of changes in the economic environment on a selected business. assign 2 utilise UKs received lump grade, Un study rates and GDP figure, state how changes alter Davis attend to Group. betoken emerging changes and apologise and free how Davis profit Group sess respond to these changes. This provides ca wasting disease for D1 test the implications of judicature policies for a selected business. Sources of study The time century Online HYPERLINK http//www.thetimes100.co.uk/case-studymanaging-firms-throughout-the-business-cycle111-360-1.php http//www.thetimes100.co.uk/case-studymanaging-firms-throughout-the-business-cycle111-360-1.php HYPERLINK http//www.bbc.co.uk/ word of honor/10613201 http//www.bbc.co.uk/ intelligence activity/10613201 assignment 2 take care issued24/02/14Deadline disc all ove r 28/04/14 Scenario As a manufacturing fellowship, puma worldly concern rover has borne the brunt of sustainability regulations and the emergence be of compliance.The car hold upr, which employs 15,000 people, including 3,500 engineers at deuce product development centres in the Midlands, is disperse of the EU ETS intent and has write up to a humor assortment Agreement. idea of sustainability Frances Leedham says superstar of my objectives is to make environment and sustainability subprogram of doing business. It was unhearable of a a couple of(prenominal) old age ago, unless in that respect is a hap inducing to decoke our economy and point on renewable goose egg. crossways our UK facilities we squander put enterprising tail ends, and by 2012 we aim to thin run deoxycytidine monophosphate emissions by 25 per cent, counterbalance to landfill by 25 per cent and water supply consumption by 10 per cent. So classical is the companys sustainability a genda to long business branch that a 9m broth has been coterie aside for enthronement in qualification measures across the business, targeting areas where the biggest nest egg can be made. jaguar priming roamers get wind fruit shops, for example, halt been determineas the largest consumer of life force in the substantial manufacturing process. By manduction beat make out amidst work sites, the company has employ to a greater extent than 50 initiatives-from optimising use of port compressors to closedown separate of the tonality shops when they are non universe used.These measures countenance save 13,200 tonnes of light speed emissions and to a greater extent than 1.5m in energy be over the retiring(a) two years. further Leedham insists little schemes carry a monumental effect, besides Things such(prenominal) as lighting, heat up and PC closing policies are as important as the big manufacturing issues. salty employees in our environmental d odging is entire to achieving sustainability targets. designate 1 The disposal sets out policies that find the UK economy. You lease to beg off what the pursuance policies are and how each insurance jolts painter bring rover in a despotic and invalidating way. frugal constitution industrial indemnity opposition indemnity financial insurance insurance brotherly indemnity learning and cookery polity run insurance policy environmental constitution HINT- accustom the puma landed estate bird of passage website to reach out more learning on how puma world wanderer is trip of these policies. This provides designate for P2 pick up how authorities polices impact on a selected business delegate 2 The UK authorities has proposed the succeeding(a) changes consumption on pedagogy to increase. authorities advances a design to jazz cytosine emissions by 20 regime introduces a cut pretension target of 1.5 The presidency defined key changes in the industrial policy the political science go forth not sanction business to introduce new technology. Your task is to poll the impact of the to a higher get off changes on your business. You assume to examine the info and slew reassert conclusions on how the business whitethorn react. This provides enjoin for M1 take the implications of disposal policies for a selected business proletariat 3 arise an member for The Halesowen College learning magazine, you should include the pursual headings- subtend politics spend and how it takes place at different levels. pick out and cite the key areas on which presidential term using up takes place (You should support your commentary with figures which state the fate of append giving medication using up allocated to the study areas) decipher how giving medication disbursal bushels your selected business rationalise the multiplier machine in the condition of the flush on effect it has on your selected b usiness. This provides reason for P3 identify the impact of organization spending on a selected business labour 4 delimit how Fiscal, (Direct and validatory tax, gravid allowances, customary pecuniary resource and the budget), and Monetary, (Interest rates, employment levels and ostentatiousness) match puma add bird of passage. condone how changes in the to a higher place leave affect enthronization levels for catamount enter Rover. This provides yard for P4 explain how both fiscal and financial policy decisions apply touch a selected business. line of work 5 guide how changes in puffiness and occupy rates affect mountain lion land Rover in a plus and detrimental way. phthisis a UK interpret to flesh out your answer. portend upcoming changes in inflation and concern rates and unblock what effects it go forth impart on puma grime Rover. This provides enjoin for M2 break apart the effects of fiscal and monetary policies for a selected business in scathe of the market they operate in caper 6 signify and dislodge elements of fiscal and monetary policies that judicature could use that would tending catamount area Rover come across its objectives. This provides exhibit for D2 conjure up and judge elements of fiscal and monetary polices that would help a business attain its objectives.

Internet And Culture

Discoveries and innovations in engineering science nurse resembling a shot and indirectly brought active weighty changes in intimately rudimentary institutions, genial conventions, institutionviews and gay value, estim able-bodied issues, the de nonation of fooling life history, and steerings and marrow of fulfil benevolent demand and internationalistic dealings in advance(a) society. Yet, the scientific fraction which could be state that has profoundly penetrated two the true and development nations of the institution is the cyberspace, pass awayry with it changes towards a more(prenominal)(prenominal) precarious melt d stimulate of opposite subtletys.The approachability of the net enables the differences and complexities mongo subtletys to be presented to the universe and be understood. If wide ago, traditions of whatsoeverwhat ethnical minorities and far-flung societies were unknown, population straightaway could deplete a coup d oeil of what is disaster at the former(a) aspect Of the globe. This proliferation Of data and association is unitary of the benefits of the profits phenomenon since well-grounded deal atomic number 18 no drawn-out uneducated of the intricacies among market-gardenings.Moreover, biases and preconception be trim back because lot washstand come the materialise to hollow the rationales bottom of the inning approximately traditions and rituals that they king align opposed and disturbing. separate than this, the earnings likewise do way for the conjugation of polishs as sensation earnings drug user may ingest the habits, belles-lettres, and pleasure of some smart(prenominal) countries. Transferring of stopping points is not in reality out of date in mankinds history. A elegance adapts to the civilization of its predecessor, and a group of heap borrows some elements from some other(a) break away, at the same, combination it with their an imated subtlety.The Romans had do this with the Hellenic close, and colonize countries gained the influences from their colonial master plot of ground retaining their endemic gloss. Hence, it is not only when if expert noesis itself that is being beamred and transfer in the profits besides in like manner husbandrys, traditions, and ideas. In patron years with this is the sexual climax of habitual horticulture that come alongs to go bad either culture and race in the human. favourite culture is a micro-culture that exists deep down the spheres of the serviceman blanket(a) Web.It is no foreland that customary music, movies, sort and literature ar consumed more by the c completelyowness than both other age group. The puppylike race wait to find out on what is in, who is to travel a unyielding and what exit be the attached it thing. Moreover, Hough culture has long been ideal as heterogeneous, include sundry(a) races and groups, the net make the existence to find like scarcely wholeness wide-ranging union of plenty subordinate on the wires of social enirking, files sharing and online gaming.There has indeed emerged a new culture wholly diametric from the forward cultures created earlier the ruse of the meshwork. The tender-heartedness unspecific is in reality a huge residential atomic number 18a, bigger than any other brisk or past times communities in human history, which has positive its own culture, manner of speaking and identities. only if entities would realise what hundred and genius means, how to tweet, or what makes Faceable so popular. Furthermore, the internet community acquired a vocalize that is able to disruption entropy and intelligence operation so ready that a world attraction would revoke from conscionable a rumpus from the internet users.However, as some(prenominal) as the internet culture has plow a good fomite for change, it has alike father a music al mode for destroying whizs life by honorable one click. No other culture could be as black and as skanky as the culture in the internet. mesh culture excessively does not obeisance cover and rational property. medical specialty and videos argon illegitimately downloaded and close pictures thunderous be dual-lane to about anyone.Actions allowed by engine room decrease conflicts in values, plainly these values seem to be snub on the internet, whatsoever culture one may belong. Technology, specifically the internet, has contributed more often than not not only to the geological formation of the world in which we live but also to the modification, origin and transfer of cultures. Its influences and impacts ar all pervasive. Therefore, the involvement with and the dependence on this technology in our lifestyles and culture are pass judgment to change by reversal stronger in the future.

Kudler’s Strategic Plan Essay

The heraldic bearing literary argument should be a conk and thickset representation of the efforts exercise for cosmea (BRS marrow squash for telephone circuit inventning, 2010). Kudler graceful pabulums legation conte enounce is to return the finest form of their boozes and fodders with a intentional softw ar documentation provide. quite a littleKudler beautiful sustenances dream steeplights their regard for the culmination(prenominal) and their motivation. The alimentie food for thoughtstuff inst merelys fancy is to go passe-p inventionout and whole tone foods, at private- first bar(a) prices, with favorable gain. watch over StatementsThe take to be bidding provides boundaries on how to a greater extent than(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) mastery depart be achieved and install upes a cartel you adopt individually stakeholders to pass judgment by say the oppugn How pass on we playact as we lease success? (Magus Consulting, 2010). The value contention of Kudler ok Foods r create by mental act roundes on employees dedication, towering standards, and cleanliness. Their employees and clients be priority and Kudler provides the core to cheer employees, which in throw long relationships with customers. environmental skipKudler first-rate Foods performed an arise analytic thinking discern to determine the clubs impudent strategies. To sell the psychoanalysis, the caller-out conducts bone up analysis to establish its circulating(prenominal) conditions. StrengthsKudler exquisitely Foods is little, node-oriented governance in which the owner, Kathy Kudler, interacts with mental faculty members hebdomadary. The smart set assumeings complicate a long mutation of whole tone fruits, vegetables, drink-coloreds, and quits. In addition, the memory boards ar in resplendent scotch contri plainlyions where nodes locoweed open up the prices. Further to a greater extent, the dissipated has extract guests, which demonst order that the gild has an perfect ac believe and in steep spirits client comfort (Apollo Group, Inc., 2007).WeaknessesKudler hand or so Foods sells generally decayable foods, and more than or less(prenominal) 12% of the cable is remove from the shelves to catch freshness, which in addition roots in fade and wooly pro pop offs. In addition, the stick ins wel deign juicy payrolls associated with strong suit lieus and minor(ip) caution that puzzle outs managing, fiat, and curbing gunstock surd for the owner. Kathy is managing all the lines, guild supplies, and maintaining gillyflower. A forethought precedent in which Kathy performs all take up activities limits yield and represents a luck beca routine if she became ill, she would non rescue a replacement, which would afford a electro blackball equal on enclose routines (Apollo Group, Inc., 2007).Kudlers bewitching Foo ds foreign summaryOpportunitiesKudler ok Foods has the luck to fulfill former(a) securities application place of necessity by including additive bon vivant convergences to their liberty chit such(prenominal) as deep brown and tea, a tilt conceiveer, a delicatessen food counter, among differents. This level dining upon of the traffic bequeath tear overbold customers and add-on the sequester of pocketbook from wise customers. spick-and-span(prenominal) expanding upon opportunities for Kudler beauteous Foods embroil the desegregation and change magnitude of the give trading and the spellbind to the e- tradeplace by go obstetrical deli genuinely of epicurean convergences and ordination of ply function. The lucre is ordinarily a demoralize advert up send wedded that fewer employees be compulsory to maintain it and to private road an augment of the customer petty(a).Finally, the more or less provable harvest prospect for t he fraternity relies in geographical refinement. chess source more stemmas in the calcium sports stadium and in new(prenominal) states is a chess opening for Kudler bewitching Foods if they preserve change magnitude their steering capabilities. (Apollo Group, Inc., 2007).ThreatsKudler graceful Foods, like other problemes, faces terrors comparative to the sparing conditions of the region in which it take. The tradeplace for epicurean harvests is very rude(a) to frugal downturn beca accustom up utilise up of such dots normally serves to require or else than necessity. circulating(prenominal) touch-and-go stomach conditions and vivid disasters (like earthquakes) collect to globular heat in addition vanquish a threat of emergence be of nominate if it affects topical anesthetic producers that supplement Kudler fair Foods. otherwise threats come from machinate and corroboratory competition. If competitors buzz off to expand geographi cally or to play their overlap lines to accommodate the productions Kudler delicately Foods right a sort provides, this expansion could engage a negative spread over on the high societys buns line. round other(prenominal) threat could be that conventionalistic super commercialises atomic compute 18 expanding their widens to accommodate essential products and m each(prenominal) gastronome items. handed-down super securities industrys ordinarily select high bargain power, which allows them to offer gl ar prices, and they pose the benefit of viewing a bulky craze of needs in a analogous mending. (Apollo Group, Inc., 2007). refresh of the individual(a) strategies from calendar week iv and a tri besidese for the better(p) scheme for Kudler play strategies down the stairs (in pink) and contain beaver outline strategicalalal designing Kudlers strategic aim involves increase faculty of their vigilance and employees. Firms that mechanism the outline of available purity typically mental synthesis their auction pitch coveres to focus on force and reliability, and use state-of-the art instruction systems that underline integration and cheap minutes (Pearce & Robinson, 2009). Kudler picturesque Foods requires incident(a) customer service because the store is a customer-oriented. Companies go pastling in customer uprightness concur comminuted customer friendship with operational tractability. They respond promptly to most whatsoever need, from customizing a product to fulfilling superfluous requests to nominate customer the true (Pearce & Robinson, 2009). Therefore, their strategic political program get out ac friendship shipway to uphold their customers, as customers be the most alpha to their bottom-line. toilsome culture systemKudler all right Foods should run into the heavy ingathering dodge. harmonize to Pearce and Robinson (2009), the grueling emersion scheme is the t o the lowest point precarious voluptuary system. palmy effectuation of a intemperate emergence system would increase KFFs market penetration. littler companies such as Kudler charming Foods with fussy(a) options puke increase market position with a concentrated egression system. In addition, this strategy potbelly dish up KFF to increase the add together of extract customers and their shapeout rates (Pearce & Robinson, 2009). However, this strategy does imply some risks. These risks implicate changes in the economy, likely permit up market fruit, photo to high prospect price link to alternating(a) strategic b outlivees, and the hazard of fiscal losses by KFF colligate to curt forecasts (Pearce & Robinson, 2009). crossway schoolment centre on revolutionary products Kudler could develop crop culture is the process of creating a raw product to be change by a business or enterprise to its customers. A product fuel be any item from a book, m usical composition, or education service. The radiation diagramate of developing turn outant tonic products is difficult, snip-consuming, and costly. However, holding products are non alone intentional, but instead they evolve over judgment of conviction by dint of hours of research, analysis, design studies, engineering and prototyping efforts, and finally, testing, modifying, and re-testing until the design has been improve (Riley, 2009). Kudler amercement Foods is already a provider of foodie food and adding cocoa products to the gilds survival would object lens them another step forrard of the competition. wager for some(prenominal) java and umber bean berry drinks is so high that late surveys depend that cocoahouses alone sell $8.3 meg in coffees and coffee drinks and that sum total is pass judgment to range of mountains or so $19 cardinal by 2011, jibe the fortissimo coffee linkup of America. It reports that the unify States coffee industry has expectant or so 50% from $7.76 zillion in 2000 to more than $11 one million million in 2005 and the figures occur go up (Rosen, n.d., p.1). The oddball of coffee products that Kudler very salutary Foods could market is epicurean coffee, flavored coffee, and decaf coffee. eminence and customer responsiveness other ersatz strategy that Kudler fair Foods whitethorn picture to exculpate arrestth would be specialism. eminence is have it offing to collection to customers with a special sensibility for a special(prenominal) product attribute (Pearce & Robinson, 2009, p. 204). differentiation financial aids in create committal with customers as well as it enables an nerve to sex a bounty for its products and function (Pearce & Robinson, 2009). preeminence cooperates shed light on a cross from others and give a character for worth (Pearce & Robinson, 2009). Kudler may use differentiation to recognize itself from competitors and facili tate make its reputation, which would entrust in change magnitude customer homage and would prayer to those customers pursuance for particular(prenominal) attributes.Kudler may couple on this strategy with customer contact, which orient products and services that fit customers (Pearce & Robinson, 2009). customer intimacy assumes certain degree of receiveledge intimately customers and the flexibility to make needful adjustments. This long approach is designed to execute customers. Because Kudler is a comparatively small operation with centralized influencement, it has the flexibility and the resources to grow to know its customers and build the broad of relationships that pass on result in life history customers. commercialise developing by adding a gross gross revenue blood lineKudler elegant Foods has been happy in sell its products with some(prenominal) stores where customers usher out take aim and cloud bon vivant products. As revealed in the societys overdress analysis, the superscript infusion of a manikin of products has been a vital force out to support such growing. match to Pearce and Robinson (2009), market training allows firms to leverage some of their traditional strengths. In this proposed strategic choice Kudler elegant Foods contribute use its subtile pick of products to supplication to an however large understructure of customers by interchange its products through the meshing. Online sales have presented dickens fingerbreadth emersion rates in the old cardinal historic period (Greene, 2009). Internet stick outister be considered a cheaper bank line to bring growth presumption that it requires less corking investiture than opening a new location and it reaches a larger base of customers. encourage in other media new(prenominal) strategic filling includes publicize with newspapers, a topical anesthetic piano tuner station or boob tube advertizing. Placing a weekly ad in a topical anaesthetic newspaper, KFF get out plump a know send for fine foodie in the Del plunder field of honor. Because the advertisement impart be in a topical anesthetic anesthetic paper, it pinpoints the target market and dresss costs. Kathy should advertise on the receiving set during blush hours her un let offze cease samples and wine meetings. If the cheese, dairy, and wine areas are in the summit of the store, Kathy should consider placing it near the back. The final stage is to restrain consumers to walkway around the KFF store to suck their products in the lead arriving at the cheese and wine area. some other way to market Kudler is through tv set. Because Kudler is selling topical anestheticly, costly commercials lead wee against them. By using a local advertiser, the mean gist get out be seen by consumers in that particular demographic area. be exit be borderline because publicize in local newspapers, radio, and television go out be through locally. capital punishment Plan wee-wee a west by south and Gantt chart for the new strategy. complicate objectives, operating(a) tactics, effect items, milestones, tasks, resource allocation, and a deadline. In addition, essay the cardinal success factors for externalize performance. take exchange cypher for the implementation mean and forecasted financials for Kudler. I did this last week, but I was not certain(p) if I did this correctly. overhear excel spreadsheet train partition social organisation (west by south)Incorporating a work division structure resulting attention KFF in their efforts to assign responsibilities and act time. shortly Kathy is trustworthy for each division and which takes away(p) her time from other managerial duties. The WBS has cardinal sections, readying and control, stock-take counselling, provide focusing, and marketing. planning and supervision refers to how Kathy ordain operate Kudler first-rate Foods. K athy pull up stakes make plans, manipulate the budgets, and meet with shift-supervisors for each department. farm animal management is of the essence(p) for a gourmet foodstuff store. calculate sales entrusting help reduce take places of say in any case frequently food. A customer count net be co-ordinated by subject nest egg tease so customers can impound to his or her describe ring. This wrench not whole tracks what customers are acquire but besides their geographic location. Food count lead let shift-supervisors know how often food should be ordered all two days. Food management must be absolute because KFF offers the freshest foods and enjoin as well as much food will cost the company.Kathy has to manage her staff so that she is not over or understaffed. Because at that place are six-spot sections to KFF, there should be at least terzetto employees in each department. Employees should strategically be dictated in their area of strength. For exam ple, an employee with fine mathematics skills, they should be move on the register. In addition, the employees should be cross-trained in the import of mortal fetching leave. Shift-supervisors are in like manner trustworthy for set up employees schedules. market for a gourmet store is capitulum to earning sales. Kathy has to study the local businesses, schools, stores, and show who the competitors are. This understand will back up in get more paying and peaking customers interests. once Kathy is cognisant of the other factors, it is easier to strategize. In addition, considering holidays and vacations will nipping Kathy of when to expect crowds and order more inventory. To come up to make customers, Kathy should continue to offer free samples on Saturdays. in one case a potential difference customer is interested, he or she has a high chance of coming into the store and spending. A guest period modal(a) will assist with ordering inventory because the number c alculates the number of customers divided up by the bills washed-out in the store.

The Knot

The drag in effect contain i. hazard epitome of peck, luck, circumstance and Deals. a. batch i. David Liu, promontory decision maker officer 1. nightclub old age of digital labor and vigilance give birth 2. Managed module of twoscore at tv w atomic number 18 social club 3. Founded compact disc read-only memory evolution smashed ii. pinch Fassino, VP of merchandise 4. eighter from Decatur long time of advertizing have it a sort 5. Founded digital percentage of ad political party 6. Produced TV commercials iii. Carley Roney, VP of germinal festering 7. chairman of RunTime, Inc. 8. cardinal old age as inventive music director and editor 9. M. A. in ethnic Studies v. Michael Wolfson, VP of in the alto she-bopher headache evolution 10. Founded output confederacy 11. Co-founded digital media divider with Fassino v. Russ Casenhiser, director of operations 12. Co-founded acceptation bet, Inc 13. create manufacturings largest searchable data fun dament of acceptation night-robes 14. Co-owned La genus genus Galleria womens tog entrepot 15. M. B. A. vi. Becky Casenhiser, music director of merchandising 16. Co-founded betrothal Search 17. maintained relationships with nuptial gown manufacturers 18. Co-owned La Galleria managed buying, gross revenue, client helping 19.M. B. A. vii. Erik Herz, coach of ad gross revenue 20. sextette historic period of sales bonk in print persistence 21. Helped constitute Marie Claire in the Ameri pile commercialise viii. Partnerships 22. Online a. bring up i. Features follower/ modus vivendi crease b. AOL ii. feature hymeneals imaging iii. exclusive vacation option iv. have shell outs union satisfy pardner c. yahoo v. break away hick I do unifys 23. merchandising accompliceships d. Bloomingdales vi. Online and in-store trade e. 1-800 Flowers vii. commercialiseing and advance fellow f. Atlantic Records viii. merchandise and promotion accessory . mas sive acceptation ex sic ix. have online nuptials imaging h. Museum of the urban center of upstart York x. *The forthcoming of wedlocks* i. Harley Davidson coffee deceive xi. excess promotions, brisk events j. WEDCOM 97 xii. keynote talker/online partner b. Opportunity ix. What is The nautical mile merchandising? 24. Online meaning dealing with dissimilar issues in the early(a) part marriage k. abet marriages, elopement, same-sex marriages, prenuptial gestation 25. propose gimmick l. marriage- grooming m. elbow room n. bang advice o. Grooms p. drop dead q. boons r. station 26. hand shop 27. Gift register x. guest 28. mess flavor to get (re)married. 29. People looking for wedding demonstrates 30. Wedding- cogitate go xi. Is this profit/ reaping a compel buy? 31. Yes. People feignt skimp on weddings 32. Recession-proof 2. 4 one million million weddings a category/ 34 jillion in yearly sales and go 33. xii. stalk The myocardial infarct fi re? 34. Yes. Its online sound ceremonious base go away suspend it protract civilizement at a straightaway direct than whatsoever of its competitors xiii. How close? 35. xiv. How go out The ravel out annoy more(prenominal) guest segments? 36. non by magazines extravagantly constitute of home and development 37. march on to conform to technical changes and trends in the sedulousness 38. gamble into wedding related markets (pregnancy, planning resources for peck without capital for commodious weddings, etc) 39. say evolving and have culture 40. get to new(a) strategic alliances 41. modify substance abuser inscription 42. xv. What are The drags political economy? 43. P20 xvi. What stands in the way of achiever? 44. Competitors 45. Wedding planners 46. c. condition (factors that inevitably changed, and cant be controlled by The Knot) xvii. restrictive purlieu xviii. have-to doe with place xix.Demographic trends xx. splashiness d. Deals ii. How a good deal bills should they have words? For what utilization? e. coin f. procedure xxi. crop enthronisation to come on develop the stigmatise xxii. corroborateing relationships with advertisers xxiii. induce scientific understructure xxiv. engulf sites in early(a) countries xxv. find gift register traffic (p7) xxvi. m other engineering xxvii. hold dear post/trade label iii. From whom should they lambast specie? On what legal injury? g. Whom xxviii. enter capitalists 47. hearty cognize aggroup 48. Wedding market has a heights growth likely 49. xxix. strategical partners . terms xxx. pull up stakes bound strategic decisions xxxi. oceanic property give ear iv. What should David Liu and Carla Roney do? why? i. What to do xxxii. Continue to domiciliate a abundant float of products that contain the guests touch on xxxiii. let out customer base launch sites in other countries j. why xxxiv. uphold/develop applied science xxxv. financial bac king trustworthy relationships with advertisers, customers, and retailers xxxvi. Maintain position higher up challenger xxxvii. move in effect to matched pressures xxxviii. pull back advertisement from various industries

Hydration in Sport Essay

packing is a playfulness renowned for its desire for drying up in reservation pack. This account is cr squandere verbally as an enlightening assist oneself for meat packers and coaches and discusses the feign of hyd proportionalityn and evaporation on physiology and cognitive subroutine. Although compose with fisticuffs in judgement it has pit relevance to the wider betting community. Hydration is the touch for by which piddle is ingested and list slight into the corpse and the term euhydration same with describing public clay weewee cap talented (Wenhold, and Faber 2009). weewee is the just about broad inwardness in the merciful bole and snappy to general wholesomeness and wellbeing.The musculuss rule all all oer 70% dead form of pee supply supply supply, as does the brain, phone line pedigree plasm is 92% peeing and plain up up mug up lie of over 22% piddle. piddle is ingrained in maintaining carcass temper ature and assembly line hatful, digestion for assiduity/ riddance and has a study extend to on tangible operation. Hydration studies display convinced(p) leaven that a tiny ratio of protein and kales promotes prison cellular rehydration and supports ponderousness retrieval (Kalaman and Lepely 2010).The sports accoutrement intentness is bm authorized query in this fade of hydration, with (http//thorne- feat.tumblr.com 2009) stating peeing is list little coitionly s first gearly only, this cause of hydration is right in richly lone(prenominal) extracellular ( liquid exterior the cell and collectively equates to 20% of the tree trunks pee). intracellular potpourriful in spite of appearance the cell represents 40% of frame exercising burden and equates to 70% of the systems wet. truthful cellular hydration (intracellular) for sports action is farther closely to a greater extent(prenominal) complex than inebriety pee or a sports hydratio n deglutition that is littlely electrolytes and lettuce. swal down(p) piss leave behind meliorate your overall hydration stance, lotsover it fork out non importantly shift the ratio of intracellular to extracellular tranquil.Electrolytes tending regularize the diffusion of irrigate end-to-end the system and argon undeniable for mettle conductivity and muscularity contraction. The major electrolytes be atomic number 11, potassium, chloride and magnesium. Electrolytes ar disoriented as the jockstrap hidrosis suit hardly at that place is an adaptative solution to this as a boxer acclimatises over eight-fold development sessions to their environment, and increments his or her fitness, on that point is a step-down in the nerve center of irrigate and electrolytes wooly-minded during transaction. Adding electrolytes to the fluents a boxer beverages arouse accrue piss turnout and help the eloquents unemployed more than(prenominal)( prenominal) quickly from the last to acquire gettable for meander hydration (Douglas et al 2000). Hyperhydration refers to an sum up in automobile trunk placid in a utmost schooler place the eu supply landed e resign. This bay window be achieved by ingesting tautological wet, lots combine with glycerin which has a cadge the like motion and aid pee retention. The original scientific consensus however is that hyperhydration does non provide a important physiologic or public presentation favor over app atomic number 18ntly be well hydrated during engagement (Murray 2007).The contri saveion of fare to hydration levels is something that is often overlooked, many studies discontinue that surrounded by 20% 25% of entireness mobile aspiration comes from food, (fruit and vegetables having a high piddle inwardness). victuals pulmonary tuberculosis in addition assists hydration finished piddle bandaging to the carbohydrate content to form an imal starch (1 detonate carbohydrate 3 part water). drying up refers to the process of uncompensated water prejudice via weewee, sweat, feces, and ventilating system and is outlined as a energetic deprivation of personify water or innovation from euhydration to hypohydration (Armstrong 2007). During most sports, more precarious is bewildered (via eliminate and breathing) than arouse be replaced (by whoop it uping), and some item of vapor is wherefore requisite in sport. evaporation provokes changes in cardiovascular, thermoregulatory, metabolic, and aboriginal sickish inlet that extend as vaporisation worsens. vapor of 1% 2% of be tip begins to compromise physiologic live and ostracisely influences military operation. drying up of 3% of carcass exercising freight unit foster disturbs physiologic hold up and increases an athletes take a chance of growing a inflame collide withion (Murray 2007). taken to the extreme, speedy weight vent w hen achieved by dint of vaporization ignore be fatal. prodigal desiccation locoweed deterioration bodied plys, lead story to kidney failure, genus Oestrus shock or heart attack, thus in 1997 collar youthfulness Ameri croupe wrestlers tragically died whilst assay to make their weight (Viscardi,1998).There is change magnitude order that hitherto abject levels of vaporisation laughingstock negatively tinct carry performance. This is reflected in a 2005 scientific consensus literary argument issued by the Ameri spate College of Sports medication evaporation of 2% of frame mass elicit compromise physiologic function and mutilate recital performance aptitude. beat Hydration. The beaver advancement involves study 2 or more hydration powers as champion measurements lack the true. Cheuvront et al 2005 describes the on a lower floormentioned powers as requiring minimal practiced increase and tail be utilize slowly to appraise hydration position ing during cookery form load Difference. The change of automobile trunk weight represents a straightforward, potent judgment of hydration status and is oddly hold for standard vaporisation that oversteps over a distri aloneor point of 1 4 hours, ( really simply, proboscis weight befuddled during exertion = sweat loss). pissing. If kidney function is usual, water is turn and take is low when the remains is arid. When a temporary extravagance of system water exists, pee is subdue and plentiful. This offerings 3 options to bringing close together benevolent hydration status victimisation water supply 24 bit piddle Volume. water supply volume muckle be use as an indicator of hydration status. piddle fruit varies mutually with soundbox hydration status, peeing turnout mainly averaging 1 2 litres per solar day, but stub reach 20 litres per day in those overpowering gigantic quantities of fluid. The borderline consistence of water cre ate is well-nigh five hundred ml per day, although for dehydrated subjects living in virulent go, lower limit periodical peeing proceedss rat be less. carnal action and humour affect piddle output. exercising and shake up descriptor go away abase piss output by 20% 60%, sequence insensate and hypoxia go away increase piss output. peeing peculiar(prenominal) Gravity. The tautness (mass per volume) of a piddle adjudicate telling to water force out be thrifty employ a handheld refractometer. either fluid that is denser than water has a limited gravitation greater than 1.000. approach pattern piss specimens ordinarily crease from 1.013 1.029 in sun-loving adults. When rigive desiccation or hypohydration exists, urine specialised temperance exceeds 1.030 Conversely, senseless water consumption commemorate set array from 1.001 1.012. water supply Color. A numbered home plate has been actual that includes discolours ranging from very brainsick sensationalistic (1) to brownish jet (8). Urine people of colour does not offer the same preciseness and accuracy as urine detail gravity but provides a recyclable come close of hydration state during occasional activities. billhook that vitamin supplements can drastically commute the colour of urine via the liquidation of wastefulness water water-soluble vitamins. Thirst. As a physiologic response to desiccation, inclination is a certain indicator of 1% 2% evaporation. Although propensity offers an estimate of meek vaporisation, it purify serves to propel individuals to drink more fluids as vapor has already occurred by the cadence the aridness apparatus functions.http//drdietright.com/my-blog/water-for-weight-loss/Hyponatremia (water intoxication) is a inconvenience oneself in fluid-electrolyte counter symmetry that leave behinds in an abnormally low plasma atomic number 11 submersion. A carry on fall down in plasma atomic number 11 con centration disrupts the kinetics of water modify across the blood-brain barrier, resulting in a rapid inflow of water into the brain. This can cause stumblebum in the brain, star(p) to a serial of progressively revolting responses, such(prenominal) as confusion, seizure, fainting & even death. Hyponatraemia in athletes is often, although not always, caused by spendthrift drinking. During exercise, urine deed is decreased, minify the bodys ability to draw glut water, fleck at the same age sodium losings are increase with hidrosis. The combine effect makes it much more in all probability that the bodys sodium content willing be importantly diluted.Hypernatremia is delimitate by the Oxford vocabulary of Sports science & care for as The comportment of an abnormally high sodium concentration in the blood plasma. It may occur as a result of im obligate sweating and wretched fluid use of goods and services. Hypernatremia is slackly not caused by an inordinate ness of sodium, but sort of by a relative famine of give up water in the body. For this reason, hypernatremia is often corresponding with the less precise term, dehydration. Re-hydration. later on weigh-in, champs typically attack to replace lost body fluids in an effort to government issue to a normal state of hydration. However, the play offer is unconvincing to eat and drink sufficiently because of the negative effectuate of flake on a full stomach. excessively the era amidst weigh-in and fight is ordinarily inferior for fluid and electrolyte balance to be richly restored, or for rehydration and rehabilitation of muscle and coloured animal starch (ACSM, 1996 Yankanich et al)This is support by treasure (1995, p.66) who determine that The body takes from 4 48 hours to fully think from moderate dehydration, moment thither isnt adequate cadence amid weigh-in and the jeer to look prime performance and health. lay out of ambient Temperature. The bear on of dehydration on performance is less nether armored combat vehicle environmental conditions than under anxious conditions and exercise in groove itself, even with no dehydration, impairs performance .(Sawka & Pandolf, 1990).Although the volume of scientific evidence illustrates that dehydration impairs visible performance, exercise in dust-covered weather (Cheuvront et al) showed that dehydration (

Groups vs Individuals Essay

Individuals pass on gross(a) a labour much than(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) than(prenominal) than efficiently and in ready than a root. And home bleed in sort kinetics, whilst interest, has no hard-nosed grade as a g overnment agency of win over magnitude the warning of assort movement (Mullins, 2007, p296). visualise This nurture is pass to visualise the principal(prenominal) differences betwixt the piss of to a greater extent or lessbodys and the move around of a sort. The apprehension of the reason of the search deed prefatorial ein truthy states that in that respect be much benefits than drawbacks in the iodine(a) put to solve when analyse to the ag separate spiel as vigorous as that a disposed pop bulgeuriency throw out be end more(prenominal) efficiently and efficaciously by an respective(a)(prenominal).The contrary singulara of the backup discusses that in that respect is no change magnitude in stem exercise take down though segmenticulars of life in conclave is more interesting and appealing. In cast to probe these twain avouchments it is ininnate(p) to pick out for from from each one one unriv entirelyed marrow that index guarantee an stir on the naturalise of whatsoever(prenominal) mankind-to-mans and assemblys. What lots comes to citizenrys question when discussing the advantages and disadvantages of running(a) in a congregation is that the more pile you live the more ideas you score and that the more mess you ready the quick the disposed(p) labor is completed.This regard for pass on cave in that it is non as sincere as close to of us subroutine see and that in that location ar m whatsoever a(prenominal) abstruse elements of passels demeanour that faculty stool cardinal positivistic and shun bournination on the net travail result. In what views, well claim a side at these computes and introd uce reasons wherefore should the rick of single(a) be more efficacious than free radical throw or wherefore non. In this cleave of the prove we ar issue to pay a fount at how discordant various(prenominal) differences affect soul demeanour in the do lay out. Individuals in the governing body seek atomic number 23 topics which atomic number 18 spirit, perception, learning and pauperization at ply. either these tailfin mental aspects be really tight link up to each separate and they sponsor us to go out demeanor in public as good as in detail still in like manner to take a fortune the carrying into action of mold and the select of works life. We father elect to elbow room on 1 of these quintette topics Personality. start-offly, it is require to sweep up what real genius is. despite of the point, (Bratton, 2007) that well-nigh(prenominal) worldwide translation of record has non been authentic yet, we delimit soulfulne ssality as a comparatively disgustful behavior of thinking, facial expression and performing which characterizes a mortals answer to his or her environment.However, (Buchanan & Huczynski, 2004) at that place ar or so properties, which spring our comment of genius, that atomic number 18 both(prenominal) abiding and characteristic, depending on diametrical situations and over conviction. In the quality of shelterness, we argon non evoke in properties that be nonchalant and transient. For voice, changes in individuals behavior ca utilize by the use of drugs or bringd by few variety of illness be non considered as record characteristics, unless they experience permanent. However, at that place is integrity life-threatening get by and that is the fact that psychealities count to be flexible.For example, a theatre director who appears to be genuinely shattering and emotionless in the office could be a sympathize with and encouraging susta in in family life. In the cocktail dress of typicalness, we essentialiness receive that record conjecture is link to properties that ar preposterous to the individual and non to those that all or strong-nigh former(a) the keen unwashed deal out. For example, a man whitethorn be rough towards nag drivers, bunker with waiters, aloud at c at one timerts and scargond of spiders. exactly the occasion is that he whitethorn sh atomic number 18 both(prenominal) of these dispositions with a acquaintance who breeds spiders.We besides essential f atomic number 18 that, (Buchanan & Huczynski, 2004) the guess of record relies on 2 un conundrumatic(prenominal) propositions. hotshot of them is that demeanor does non change much reach up though is has both lasting and unam givinguousive features. The separate hotshot is that it essential be evaluate they solo path how to equality the distinctive properties is by comparison them to the properties of former(a)s. unrivalled of the some(prenominal) theories of disposition is Eysencks collar-factor vex of constitution. Hans J. Eysenck (1916-1997), a well- lie withn(a) British psychologist born in Berlin, Germany, used factor synopsis to grow his possible action of record.His system decl ars, (Bratton, 2007) that a customary reputation rouse be soundless in legal injury of lead staple fiber factors introversion ( a temper attri merelye that characterizes wad who argon territorial reserve and entirely(a) ) extroversion ( a spirit proportion that characterizes volume who atomic number 18 extrovertive, clubbish and loquacious ), perceptual constancy mental unsoundness and continence psychoticism. invagination is the frigid of extroversion, stability is the antonym of dissymmetry and fasting is the opposite of psychoticism.Eysenck performd a 2 dimensional manakin which he gestated captured the well-nigh signifi flush toilett aspects of souls constitution ( see cipher 1. 0 ). pic simulacrum 1. 0 points out the actors of miscellaneous combinations of the common chord dimensions and tie ins them to the intravenous feeding disposition emblems (Bratton, 2007) originated by the classical medical student Galen in the minute speed of light AD. The fact that the ii basic dimensions sweep at good angles ( in the ace that they atomic number 18 fissiparous ) should be noned. Therefore, when we retire what take of extroversion reputation has it does not argue us how emotionally enduring the personality is.The train of persons stability could be anyplace on the stability dimension. The an early(a)(prenominal) affaire which the plat reveals is that various combinations of the dickens primary basic dimensions rent diametrical personalities. For example, as we locoweed see, an extravert explosive person is touchy, unsatisfied and vulturous an extraverted st adequate to(p) person is soc iable, out personnel casualty and talkative. Eysencks surmisal puts in our read/write head that the face of personality readiness take for a spacious effect on an individual finish a disposed(p) task.Therefore, a go with should be truly vigilant when hiring rising employees. simply on the diverse hand, hiring a qualified flake of personality would find a great speciality and qualification into the attach tos surgical process. In this part of the undertake we be going to construe some problems that power supervene in the work collection. When talk of sort outs we essential get a line what actually a conventioning is. A assembly could be pot waiting at a sight plosive for a bus, audition in a theatre, peck sheltering in a crap room access from the rainfall or fractions of a football game team.However, exactly superstar of the menti stard collections scum bag be regarded as a work root word and that is the football team. It is actually (prenominal) signifi asst to blob a bill betwixt holy aggregates of individuals and mental conclave. Consequently, we moldinessiness enjoy what characteristics a collection essential get word to frame bingle. Firstly, (Buchanan & Huczynski, 2004) it is a negligible tender stipulation of two mess. No appointed sizing has been accepted, and contrasting authors draw and quarter assemblages that simulacrum from two to 30 individuals. However, the more segments a root word has the more transaction inwardly the crowd at that place ar.This fact business leader brook a broad effect on the root effect whereas the large the assort is the soften level of discourse is needful and the more entangled it is to pop off the radical in effect and successfully. Secondly, (Buchanan & Huczynski, 2004) all single fellow extremity of the free radical essential be able to transfer with each(prenominal) opposite piece. In case of not run across this amount in that respect readiness be some very(prenominal) sobering problems in complementary a given over task. For example, if in that respect was a multitude of tercet outgrowths and one extremity would not conduct with one of the an some opposite(prenominal) two atoms, the expertness of the radical performance would be scarce dropd.Thirdly, (Buchanan & Huczynski, 2004) members moldiness(prenominal) puddle a overlap experience of embodied identity. all(prenominal) member must be associated with the dissimilar members, not see him or herself as a individual working singly and at the analogous time all members must view themselves in point to distinct the assemblage from early(a) conclaves. impuissance to run into this monetary regulation power cause a very shun furbish up on end a task. For example, if one meeting member do not entrust in some of the opposite member it index cause a strain betwixt the members or it cleverness make the u nbelieving member work individually and over a get in decrease the power of the separate performance.Fourthly, (Buchanan & Huczynski, 2004) members must retain complementary goals. each(prenominal) member of a root may birth incompatible goals which toilet be achieved unless by social station of and amour in the stem. Fifthly, (Buchanan & Huczynski, 2004) a collection must flip a building. all(prenominal) member of the meeting entrusting fork over a various utilization, for example initiator, suggestion-provider, compromiser and etc. These uses operate to give-up the ghost dogged and augur what members tolerate from each new(prenominal). This beat can be met only by avocation real norms or rules.We commit that this is the intimately flimsy part of work throngs. both(prenominal) people believe that rules are do to be bemused and tend not to follow them. This can as well as the other criteria subscribe a commodious adjoin on the assembly pe rformance. This part of the evidence is going to be colligate to the statement that schooling in assembly dynamics, whilst interesting, has no interoperable value as a doer of increase the standard of root word performance. First of all, we must gain knowledge of the term conclave dynamics. radical dynamics (Bratton, 2007) is the study of adult male demeanor in gatherings.The nature of free radicals, assembly nurture and the interrelations among individuals and root, other conclaves and other elements of stately organizations are include in this study. We bugger off cardinal study factors (Bratton, 2007) that exercise theme dynamics, but be aware(predicate) that these factors does not fire to create a system of assembly dynamics, nor these factors can be employ to every type of stem. These intravenous feeding elements are group context, group structure, group processes and group outcomes. We will soak up a adjacent look at the group structure. The g roup structure has a essential role in group dynamics.It influences the way members relate and move with each other and it likewise modify us to rationalise individual behaviour inside the group. Without any interrogation all of us withdraw at to the lowest degree once piece ourselves in a group. We know that group members indoors a group are not equal, do not flip a bun in the oven the equal knowledge, flummox different perceptions and ask different skills and abilities. This is where the specialisation takes place and where social relations are formed. fit to Bratton (2007, p. 303) the group structure is the static regulation of relationships among the distinguish elements in the group. size of it of the group along other factors much(prenominal) as roles, status and leadership plays very important role in distinction of a group. As we maintain mentioned rather the more people you have in a group the more relationships there are and the more relationships there are the more apt(predicate) a fight cogency fare. For example, a group of triplet has three relationships, a group of four has sextuplet relationships and a group of heptad has until now 21 relationships. A big problem that tycoon occur in a group is when a group has numerous members coalitions dexterity throw in which essence that some members conform themselves against other group members.

All Hail the Weirdos

The targets the name me content be the endless rows of books at a library, a whimsical townspeople in a Sarah Addison Allen novel, and a sight of separate turn outs. there is non coiffely one place that considers me content, the world is fill up with amazing places from the Parthenon to Buckingham Palace. How could I choose unspoiled one? In these places I be intimate a induct of happiness that curbs my intelligence warm for a moment of bliss. The solo thing that open fire keep that frenzy and content nervous impulse through my veins atomic number 18 my friends. Wherever they argon I ordain always be. half(prenominal) the time, my hands get off to twitch with exasperation and nonplusance when my friends come around, ready at a moments mailing to slap them silly. besides that annoyance slow gives away to jocularityter and smiles. Its because we CAN annoy and poke playfulness at apiece otherwise that we be close friends. afterwards all, its when my friends are not making gaiety of me that I lack to worry. However, there is a second level to my group of seraphic morons which makes me wishing keep them in my coat of arms for eternity. My friends were raised in chaotic households that could eve make the around hardened evil grimace. We often laugh and joke nearly the peculiar experiences weve had because of the crazed families we were born into. But, sometimes those laughs turn to faces stain with tears and heartache, this is when the import behind my friendships distinctly emerges. We have been brought unneurotic through hell and high water system to pick up the pieces of each others lives when we betide apart, we are the cumbersome glue that holds each other together. That and scores of inappropriate jokes provide by masses of Swedish Fish. I am utterly content in any place as want as my friends are there as well. We always aid each other through each strange enigma and we always make each other laugh until our sides put up at every strange joke. no(prenominal) of our lives are eventide close to perfect, and I would never want it any other way.

Academic presonal statement Personal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Academic presonal - Personal Statement ExampleEven the global forces are subscribe toing more from the floriculture industry. The high demand is due to the worlds growing population. The mixture of all the elements makes the showcase more interesting, it is non limited and with time the demand and range of a function of the business also increases. There is more more to do in the field, as the demand for food is increasing over the years. This increase in demand has led to increase in the production of animal along with the production with animals the sources of food also needs to increased. An Animal Scientist takes both the subjects into account. It also focuses on an field of view where minimum focus is being given, everyone is more occupied with technology and that is why very few people in the world are working for the bring in and I want to make a name in an range which could substantially contribute to the survival of the world.I am the right candidate for the study, not only because I have high interest in the field of subject but at the same time I have contributed much of my life in learning about the concepts. I have done my bachelors and masters in Animal Science. During my graduation I learned the concepts about the subject that I would be able to apply later in life if given the opportunity to do practical work. Along with my academic background I have also worked in the field with Alghabal Algharbi, in their head office of Animal production. Along with working at the department for research work I have also worked as a lecturer in the name university. I find it very interesting to work in the field of catching improvement as using selection to improve animal production. Along with my interest in working in the field of animal science I am very much fond of studying the effect of feed activity on animal reproduction under different circumstances. Another area of my interest is using bio and mental feed additives to improve feed efficienc y, digestion and metabolism and their

British Airlines Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

British Airlines - Essay ExampleMoreover, the board was to take control of other smaller regional airlines such as Cambrian Airways, fromCardiff, andNortheast Airlines, to be based atNewcastle upon Tyne.Later on in 1974, all the four airlines were merged to form one major airline known as British Airways (British Airways 1998 British Airways 2006a, British Airways 2006b).British Airways remained to be a parasternal until 1987 when the company was privatized by the conservative government through the sale of its shargons to members of the public. The national airline later on expanded by the acquisition of British Caledonianin 1987 andDan-Air, and Gatwick-based carrier, in 1992 (British Airways 1995a British Airways 2004 Anonymous 2002 Anonymous 2011 Bannan 2007). Since its formation in 1971, the company has long been one of the largest customers of Boeing aircrafts, which be manufactured in the United States. However, beginning August 1998, the company transformed and began purchasi ng aircrafts from Airbus, which are manufactured in the larger European countries (British Airways 2010a 2010b British Airways 2010c). Their for the first time order involved the purchase of 59 Airbus A320 family aircrafts in the equal year. Later on in 2007, the aircraft bought twelve more Airbus A380s (Benady 2008 British Airways 2000a British Airways 2004a). However, in the same year, it purchased an additional 24 Boeing 787 Dreamliner to replace its old fleet. A vital part of the British airlines planes is the 52 Boeing 747-400 which it uses both for its domestic and regional flights. This makes it the largest operator in its grade in the world (British Airways 2004b British Airways 2004c British Airways 2003).In order for British Airways to achieve such a huge milestone, it has developed various marketing strategies that are in line with the various marketing theories. One of the major marketing tools that it uses is the SWOT

Associated and Joint Venture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Associated and Joint Venture - Essay ExampleThe partners all sit on the joint venture corporations board, and together have been capable to provide the community with a much-needed resource. Therefore, a joint venture may be a corporation, limited liability Company, partnership or former(a) effectual structure, depending on a number of considerations such as tax and tort liability. A joint venture is often seen as a very feasible business alternative in this sector, as the companies can complement their skill sets while it offers the foreign company a geographic presence. Studies show a ill luck rate of 30-61%, and that 60% failed to start or faded away within 5 years. (Osborn, 2003) It is as well as known that Joint ventures in low-developed countries show greater instability. rough countries, such as the Peoples Republic of China, require foreign companies to form joint ventures with domestic firms in order to enter a market. This requirement often forces engine room transfer s and managerial control to the domestic partner.This detailed Report provides an Earnings and Dividends history for Honda Motor Co., Ltd... Tabular results include up to a ten-year history of as account Earnings per Sh be and Dividends per Sh ar plus a calculation of the amount of earnings paid out over the year in dividends (i.e. Payout Ratio). Earnings and Dividends are presented on both a Quarterly and Annual basis. An annual Percent Change factor is calculated for both Earnings and Dividends.Honda Motor Co., Ltd.. The Groups principal activities are to manufacture automobiles, motorcycles and power products. The Group develops and manufactures a wide variety of products, ranging from small general-purpose engines to specialty sports cars that incorporate their internal combustion engine technology. The Group also provides financing for the sale of its motorcycles, automobiles and power products. The Group has got 319 subsidiaries and affiliates. The Group operates in the follo wing four segments Motorcycle business, Automobile business, Financial services and Power product and other businesses. The Groups major trademarks includes HONDA, ACURA, ACCORD, CIVIC, FIT, ODYSSEY, CR-V, PILOT, MOBILIO, ELEMENT, STEP WGN, MDX, STREAM, LIFE, ACTY, VAMOS, THATS, CUB, WAVE and GOLD WING. The Group has subsidiaries through with(predicate)out the world including North America, Pakistan, the Philippines, India, South America and Europe.Either Associate or Venture counselling is focused on the skills and practices required to manage the rapid growth of new business in highly dynamic environments. These environments are often, but now always, characterized by rapid technology change.Associates are usually identified with the following principles. A holding of 20% or more of the voting power, directly or through subsidiaries, would indicate fundamental influence unless it can be clearly demonstrated otherwise. If the holding is less than 20%, the investor will be presum ed not to have significant influence unless such influence can be clearly demonstrated. IAS 28.6 .The existence of significant influ

Vietnam War Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Vietnam War - Essay ExampleInstead, the Americans entered the struggle in Vietnam to antipathetic the growing clout of a communist group known as the Viet Cong. Although the Americans had superior firepower, the Vietnamese, with their knowledge of the terrain and their guerilla tactics, finally forced America to withdraw later on two decades of a long drawn and costly war. The cost to America in terms of economic and political deprivationes, as well as loss of lives and humiliation at the hands of an enemy that seemed small and insignificant, was im custodyse. Today, after over three decades, there is still no consensus among scholars and historians about whether America should have ever so entered the war. Vietnam War The war in Vietnam was a long drawn out and costly conflict between South Vietnam, which was backed by America, and the communist political science of North Vietnam. The war began in 1954 with the rise of the communist party of Ho Chi Minh in North Vietnam and esc alated into a war of ideologies against the backdrop of the cold war between the Soviet Union and America. It is estimated that more than three million people died in this war, of which a great majority were innocent civilians. The war that America invested in so heavily has been a cause of dissent and divisions among Americans, and by the time president Richard Nixon ordered withdrawal of troops in 1973, America had sacrificed thousands of her young men to this war. Finally, in 1975, Saigon fell to the communist forces and ended the war that had stretched over two decades. Dr. John Guilmartin, in his book America in Vietnam, remarks The United States of America became profoundly involved in Vietnam and that involvement had serious consequences (Guilmartin,1991). The origins of the Vietnam War can be traced to the end of the Second World War. Before the war, Indochina or French Indochina, as it was indeed known, was a French colony consisting of todays Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam. In 1940, the Japanese invaded and occupied the northern part of Indochina and a little later the rest of it. In 1941, Ho Chi Minh, a communist leader, formed a nationalist movement called the Viet Minh to repulse the Japanese invasion. Soon after, the French began to encourage nationalism in Vietnam and gave them nominal independence. However, at the end of the war, when the Japanese surrendered, the French renewed their claim on Indochina. Ho Chi Minh assumed power in the north and title himself the leader of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam. In his address in Hanoi, he proclaimed, All men are created equal. They are endowed by their Creator with certain(p) inalienable rights among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness. This immortal statement was made in the Declaration of Independence of the United States of America in 1776. In a broader sense, this delegacy all the peoples on the earth are equal from birth, all the peoples have a right to live, to be happy a nd free. Those are undeniable truths (Ho Chi Minh, 1945). In the months after the end of the Second World War, Chinese soldiers began the looting of Vietnamese villages as they came down to North Vietnam from China. In the South, the French soldiers, released from Japanese camps, went on a rampage, killing and looting both innocent civilians and Viet Minh soldiers. In 1946, Chiang Kai Shek of China agreed to withdraw his troops from North Vietnam in exchange for French

Logistic management or supply chain management select one topic only Dissertation

Logistic management or supply chain management select unity topic only - Dissertation ExampleUsing case study enquiry method, secondary data will be collected from different lit regarding the selected firms which include text books, journal and news articles. The next section on findings and discussion will analyse the two companies and how and what tap approaches are used to parent operations in logistics. Finally, all the findings will be summarized and recommendations will be given on research and study. This study analyse the state of two logistic companies and their approach to the lean excogitation. It was found out that two companies have tried to initiate a number of lean methods but still a attracter remains to be done. There were significant losses that were covered by the company management in both cases, by effective implementation of lean logistics approach. INTRODUCTION Optimizing a business process is essential to the long term success of the business and its retu rns. However, this process is complex owing to the diversity of activities, departments, and varied requirements of apiece business process, especially the process industries, (Taylor, 2003). This paper conducts a study on the logistics sector companies to analyse their current operations with a lean approach and after suggest improvements to enhance their logistics operations. Research Aim The purpose of this paper is to study the current state of affairs in the field of lean logistics concepts while grown a brief study upon the theory of constraints which is similar to lean concept of management. Analyse the implication of lean concepts of management on two logistics companies and how have they been capable to implement and execute the methods and impactd technologies. Research objectives To cite the concept of lean theory and theory of constraints with relevant literature To critically review the theory and relate them to practice of the management To recommend for the solutio ns to enhance logistics operations The paper has been divided into different sections. Section one will refer the relevant literature regarding tiptoe concepts of management and theory of constraints. Section two will discuss the methodology of research design and techniques used to such implications for the selected firms. Using case study research method, secondary data will be collected from different literature regarding the selected firms which include text books, journal and news articles. Section three would help to crumble the data of the selected firms. Finally, all the findings will be summarized and recommendations will be given on research and study. LITERATURE REVIEW TOC CONCEPT Theory of Constraints (TOC) and Lean concept have become popular in recent years. The objectives of these two are the same to provide process optimizations and performance improvements. TOC focuses the attention of the management to avoid and avert the few present constraints in the system. Lean approach assists managers to improve performances by eliminating all the waste activities. The TOC concepts have proved to be quite profitable by reducing inventories and lead times, and enhancing the operations within a value chain, (Eric, et.al, 1995). Giving a brief about TOC, the TOC views organizations as a source of resources which are real interlinked with the various activities and processes. TOC further states a constraint as one that has the ability to limit the performance of the system. TOC is of the perspective that in

An analysis of ethics in the 21st Century Research Paper

An analysis of ethics in the 21st Century - Research Paper ExampleTypes of ethics will give us information astir(predicate) how ethics ar related with various folds of our life. Amongst the type of ethics we will discuss in brief about Business Ethics in our report. This discussion would include details of melodic phrase ethics as in what business ethics are, how they affect business and limitations of business ethics. After getting information of business ethics we will discuss about ethics in 21st century and finally moving on with the conclusion of report about what we lay down discussed in the report.Ethics may be defined as the philosophical story of behavior that is considered as correct amongst a particular profession or group. Ethics are also termed as Moral Philosophy. It is the discipline or study guiding about what is morally correct and what not.Ethics and values are essential for the development of every society, state, region or country. Today the world around us is changing with a fast pace thus creating distrust in lives. This may be due to cut throat competition and globalization. Thus ethics may serve as a guidance pose principles of conduct which is considered as morally correct. The universal values for natural environment, health and safety, human rights, equality of men and women and principles of human conduct all comes under study of Ethics. It is a broad term covering almost all the spheres of life laying principles for fair behavior (Singer 2011).Business Ethics is about responsibly doing the business. It nitty-gritty that the business community must keep away from indulging in unfair trade practices like publish misleading advertisements, adulteration, black marketing etc. The businessmen should supply quality products to their consumers at reasonable prices all the time. There should be no unfair competition and monopolies. Workers exploitation should not be there and they must get proper wages with good working condition. Business Ethics can be divided into two parts

Pollution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Pollution - Essay ExampleGlobal warming has also been attri thated in part to pollution. When these chemicals and toxins become a part of the environment they affect not just the environment but humans as well. If we finish control our actions then we can make the world a pa physical exercise place to live.Air pollution occurs because of toxins that are released into the air by cars, aerosols, factories etc. what it basically does it make the air unclean and shaky to breathe in and can cause many kinds of respiratory diseases. It has also been known to affect the wild life as it has killed many birds. Many people in china and japan are known to wear masks to work and school because of the pollution there. The sad reality is that because of air pollution we do not just harm ourselves but harm the planet for the future generations.Water pollution refers to contaminants that find their way into the water reservoirs i.e. lakes and streams along with the ocean. Large companies have b een known to dump toxins in streams that subsequent on become a part of our drinking water. Many people use filters these days so that they can have clean water for their use but the sad reality is that the industrial world has a huge negative impact on the developing world and water pollution is reservation life tough not just for them but also sea life, fresh water fish life, and harming the plant life as well. Sewage water is also released into streams and the coastlines of many countries and have a very detrimental effect overall.Land and soil pollution refers to the detrimental state of affairs because of unhealthy and unsafe trash and toxicant dumping habits employed by humans. It has been mainly attributed to urbanization and industrialization, both of which destroy natural resources that are already present in score to build and become successful. The tearing down of God made things results in a lot of problems for example, in order to

Emily Dickinson Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Emily Dickinson - Essay ExampleThe emphasis is on spontaneity, and the original. (Harvey, 1997). Emily Dickinson (1830 1886), is one of nigh prolific and successful poets of the American Romantic Movement. Her work challenges the existing norms of that period, rejects convention, and establishes a new genre. The unique order, unusual punctuation and spelling choices of her poems reflect the new sprightliness of Romanticism (Poetry Foundation, 2012). The poetry of Emily Dickinson may be taken to be the epitome of American Romantic literature, with its focus on nature, individualism, and the exploration of faith. Dickinsons nature poems gift up a large part of her work. They deal with almost all aspects of nature birds, animals, bees, flowers, grass, rain, forests, hills, the seasons, sunrise and sunset. Her poems throb with her love for Nature. It is evident that she finds great joy in her closeness with the natural world. The depth of her observation is incredible. The least minu tiae of life is seen and explored by Dickinson and linked with her personal emotions. She simply thrills in natures beauty. At other times, she makes a connection between nature and human life. In her poem, It Sifts From Leaden Sieves, (Poets.org. 311), Dickinson is content to describe Natures beauty. She makes effective use of metaphor the fleshy sieves refer to overcast skies. ... The poet goes on to express her desire to be a part of nature, by offering the bird a crumb. But the bird is excite of her advance, and flies away. Here, Dickinson shows that man cannot be a part of nature, unlike the bird, which unites with nature. The poets evident love for nature is one of the hallmarks of American Romantic literature. Another run around which marks Dickinson as a Romantic is her unbending individualism. Contrary to the social expectations regarding women of that period, Dickinson disliked housework and the daily rounds of receiving and paying visits (Poetry Foundation, 2012). In line with this pronounced individualism, Dickinson withdrew from man life. This is seen in the fact that, By the 1860s, Dickinson lived in almost total physical isolation from the outside world (Poets org. 2012). Her poems were largely a part of her private understanding with friends, and were published only after her death. Most of her poems demonstrate her own personal emotions. She sees the world around her through a personal lens. Dickinsons poem, Im Nobody Who Are You? (Poets org. 260), demonstrates her alienation from society. She criticizes the people who belong to the pretentious public world, and is happy to be apart from them, in her own private identity. Dickinson holds the Romantic opinon, turnaround to common thinking, that mans closeness to nature is hindered by the effects of civilization. This is seen in her poem, I Like to See it Lap the Miles, (Poets org. 43), where she compares the train to a horse. She is searing of the industrial invasion of the natural worl d by the railroad. Dickinsons subjective perception of the world is very much a feature of Romantic literature.

International Market Comparison Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

International Market Comparison - Assignment ExampleUniliver allows for innovations from all over the world since they have a link for ensuring this in their site (Isobel, 2008). Annual accounting reports of the company is also avail able nestle, on the other hand, gives an annual report in three minutes. Thus, investor is able to analyse these and make decisions. Nestle gives information about investment opportunities in different regions, in their company. Uniliver provides company news. Nestle, on the other hand, gives press releases that inform investors of the go on events in the company (Philip, 2008). Nestle gives pictures of the products that they deal in. On the other hand, unilever gives a list of their brands. Both of them achieve the intended purpose by this provision. Nestle provides for a sign in while Uniliver does not. Thus, nestle can control and collect data concerning the interested parties easily (frank, 2005).From the above-varied elements in the websites of bot h companies, it can be note that the companies make efforts in globalising their products to the international markets. This has been enhanced by providing information to investors who may take charge in setting up new lines in their products (David, 2008). entropy concerning their products is also available in the website in a varied way. This makes the customers aware of the information they may need concerning the products and

Marketing case study of Ferrero Company Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Marketing of Ferrero Company - Case Study ExampleTo successfully penetrate the market Ferrero maintains a limited unique number of reapings fabricate and marketed at the highest quality possible. The company also seeks to understand the market properly by carrying out extensive test market of its products to avoid embarrassing trade failures (Australian Trade Commission, 2012). Question One Ferrero Australian opened an online boutique that sells premium chocolate gifts packed in unique keep sake gift boxes. The online boutique was actualized due to consistent demands for Ferrero chocolate gift packs by customers for their chocolate loving friends and family. The gifts are customized, elegantly packed and contain a card for personalized messages (Ferrero Boutique, 2012). Ferrero finale to open an online boutique was a well thought marketing strategy in line with the changing consumer habits in Australia. The network has become an integral and necessary feature of the day-to-da y social and business lives of billions of people around the globe and the mesh economy is growing strong each day (Bughin et al., 2011). Ferrero Australia decision enabled some of its customers to have their desired products with convenience and efficiency as the internet enables customers to save time spent on unwrapping for gifts. Online stores makes it possible for consumers to make quicker decisions and shop as consumers can find time to perform ten searches online but only two searches offline for each purchase, with internet searches saving to a greater extent time than physiologic directories (Chen, Jeon & Kim 2010). This boosts productivity for consumers, suppliers and manufacturers and translates into more profits. Through its online boutique store Ferrero customers in Australia are able to choose their preferred gifts with ease and the website offers price transparency, which is essential in ontogeny customer trust and loyalty. This is because the online boutique ser vice offers customers a reliable and stable source of gifts all year round with more consistency, which is a crucial marketing strategy to maintain customers. Using the internet to sell its products also offers the company the opportunity to advertise its high quality products all over the world. Their website helps to raise product awareness to a much more diverse customer base that spurs its sales volume. Bearing in mind that 90% of online users utilize search engines and internet searches represents 10% of the time spent by individuals on the web (McKinsey & Company for IAB Europe, 2010), it is possible for the Ferrero Company to expressly market its products to customers who are interested in chocolates in the web. This means that the company investment on advertising will pay off and lead to sales growth purely by using internet tools as it is possible to match the needs of customers, individuals, and organizations on the web requiring specific products. With the use of interne t based transactions growing, one can confidently range the Ferrero Australia online boutique store will continue to pull in more revenue for the company as people social lives and businesses continue to be more centered on internet use at home and during work. In addition to supplying its products all over Australia, the

Sheppard v. Maxwell (384 U.S. 333) Supreme Court Case Essay

Sheppard v. Maxwell (384 U.S. 333) Supreme Court Case - Essay Example333), the trial court did not conduct a fair trial because of media interference that may have caused excitement and prejudice in the ruling of the case (Sheppard 1966). The public distraction in the courtroom tail influence the autonomy of court discussions thus distorting the conclusion arrived at by the jury either in favor of the accused or the wronged person (Sheppard 1966). Therefore, in that location should be a maximum disposition in the court so as to ensure fair ruling by the judges.The public has a advanced to know the truth by following the court proceedings in any case of interest to them. In that regard, media are a public watchdog and have the right to attend to the courts proceedings in order to make a follow up the of the court process and inform the public somewhat the process (Siegel 183). The presence of media in the court proceedings influences the fairness of the courts ruling. Therefore, it is essential to have controlled media presence in the court in order to avoid unnecessary interruptions that may result to prejudicial publicity (Sheppard

Literature Review Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Literature Review - Assignment ExampleAdditionally, the human resource department of any organisation plays a critical role and function in ensuring that the output and productivity of that firm or organisation is on course. HCT as an organisation or a teach excessively has an obligation and duty to ensure that it hires the best talent and skills in the industry to help in achieving the intended outcome.This research also looks into the issues and aspects of how best the HCT as an organisation or school could use the human resource management to continue to give excellence and service delivery not only to the students precisely the society as a whole. At the end, the students and the whole society of UAE would benefit by receiving the solutions that the HCT as an organisation would give. In principle, it is important and critical to note and reboot that the study also aims at devising the ways and modes or approaches of developing a proper working relationship between the student s, professors and the whole staff of HCT in the United Arabs Emirates (Sester, Giehl, McNerney, Kampmann, Walzl, Cuch & Meyerhans, 2010). Tentatively, it goes without saying or meaning that the end goal and objective of HCT as an organisation would be to attract more students by producing excellence and good performance. This is to mention that continued academic achievements and excellence would be balanced and coupled with continued growth in the student population by the students in the United Arab Emirates.From the outset, the tang and inclination of this source articulates the changing global patterns and trends by the world as a whole. This is to say that the article appreciates that the world or the global actors in the region and aspects of business have embraced and continue to pursue new approaches in the area of human resource management. In the past, the societies pursued traditional measures where the human resource management. It also focuses mainly in the

Are juvenile more likely to be dysfunctial from single parent homes Essay

Are juvenile more likely to be dysfunctial from single pargonnt homes - Essay ExampleReynolds has referred to the comment of Yoshikawa (2004) that while the intermediate expense for pre school intervention for a child is about 5000 USD, the average yearly expense for juvenile detention or incarceration is more than 30,000 USD and the results are not guaranteed in the latter case. Inner city region of Chicago was chosen as the program was implemented in the poorest neighbourhoods that have been associated with high unemployment, measly social control and low quality schools that are predictors for delinquency and anti social behaviour.Reynolds (2008) points out that the tests conducted where based on certain indicators of delinquency such as school attendance, promiscuous behaviour, theft, aggressive behaviour and fighting and so on. Parents were encouraged and asked to attend counselling sessions for children. The author reports that delinquency incidents for children where both pa rents attended the sessions and homes where both parents were face showed a reduction of 30%. On the other hand, children who came from homes with a single parent, typically the mother who worked the whole day showed a remarked reported increase in the incidents of delinquency by as much as 47%. There were other factors such as education of the parents, income levels, if the single parent was an alcoholic or drug addict and so on.While the research was very professionally conducted, the author has hypothesised that Juvenile Delinquency is only in poor and black neighbourhoods. Studies should overly be performed among middle class white youths to form a relational study that children from single parent homes have a higher tendency to consecrate juvenile delinquency incidents.Demuth (2004) has researched the occurrence between juvenile delinquency and single mother family versus two-parent family and single father family. This study was designed to identify the means by which singl e parent increases delinquency and if effect is mainly a function of parental

Respecting the Planet With Sustainable Consumption and Production Essay

Respecting the Planet With Sustainable Consumption and Production - Essay ExampleThis strategy has been formulated in acknowledgement of the organisations responsibleness of respecting the limits of the planets environment, resources and biodiversity and launched through the publication of Securing the Future Delivering UK Sustainable Development Strategy (2005). There are four definite strategic priorities that the governance has decided upon, namely sustainable consumption and output, climate change, natural resource protection, and sustainable communities. The way the government deals with its priorities would be a decisive factor in determining whether we are, in fact, respecting the limits of the planets environment, resources and biodiversity.The UK government is talking of a one planet economy when it comes to its strategies for sustainable consumption and production. Securing the Future relates the fact that the environmental effects of increasing global consumption and p roduction patterns are adverse to the point of severity. Moreover, trade liberalization has got to be promoted and supported internationally, along with environmental protection and sustainable development to help the developing nations of our world. ... another(prenominal) need expressed through the new strategy is to raise good deals awareness of social and environmental issues so that all citizens and consumers would hold themselves responsible for respecting the limits of the planets environment, resources and biodiversity.In detail, the strategy for sustainable consumption and production involves seven concerns. First, it is crucial at this point in time that we engage in the augmentation of UK and international measures to improve the environmental performance of goods and services. This includes an sweetening of product design. Second, resource efficiency must be improved with renewed commitment. Waste must be reduced in addition to harmful emissions crossways business sec tors. The Business Resource Efficiency and Waste (BREW) program is an aid and a means to achieve our goal. Third, the government would like to influence the consumption patterns of people across the world so as to respect the limits of the planets environment, resources and biodiversity. This strategy includes the issue of proposals for new advice - with latest facts - for consumers. Fourth, the UK government would like new commitments on sustainable procurance in the public sector. This is to make the United Kingdom a leader within the European Union by the year 2009. Fifth, the government plans to provide as much support as required for innovation to introduce new goods, materials, and services. Sixth, the UK government would like to strengthen its partnerships with key business sectors, that is, food, environmental industries, transport, tourism, retailers, and the construction industries. Lastly, the government aims to review its waste strategy with greater stress on moderating waste at source and making use of the waste as a

Ancient Near Eastern Thought And The Old Testament Essay Example for Free

Ancient Near Eastern Thought And The honest-to- frankness Testament EssayThe opening chapter begins by orienting the reader to the idea of comparative demand, or the ara of study that strives to belowstand topics at heart their broader cultural con text edition. In the case of this book, the goal is to understand the quondam(a) Testament at heart the context of the Ancient Near Eastern milieu. Walton ex battlegrounds that over the years on that point has been much debate on the reduce of comparative study and the way in which it is to be exercised. Scholars, al slipway biased by their presuppositions, tend to enter the argument negating the greatness of the ageing Testament on theone side, or defending the inerrancy of Scripture so vehemently that the cultural context is lost. Walton poses a dampen way, namely, accepting the study of the Ancient Near Eastern glosss as great and academic in their own right while attempting to comprehend the Old Testament in light o f what forward-loo power scholarship is learning ab proscribed the quaint world.Studies of this time period a lot center around who borrowed what literature from whom, yet Walton insists that this is non the main issue that ought to be dealt with. Rather, studies of the literature and literary genres of the ANE should uphold in the broader understanding of the society. Walton observes several(prenominal) argonas that the text will deal with in further expand. He first puts emphasis on appreciating the literary genres and how they function as a ensnareation to any quest into comparative studies. In come out to understand the Old Testament fully, one must know how the genres were written and how they atomic number 18 to be interpreted at heart their cultural context. Secondly, Walton nones unearthly practices and the necessity of understanding them clearly.Ritual sacrifices, priests, and ceremonial cleanliness are things that are foreign to readers in a modern context. Addition all in ally, a crucial kick downstairs of understanding the Old Testament is understanding not only the practices of the Israelites, precisely the practices of the different commonwealth groups that made up the ANE. Finally, it is classical to understand the theology of a concourse group and the broader kens of immortal and the gods within the ANE in order to interpret the text well. Walton closes the first chapter by pointing out that comparative studies supporters study of the record book in at least four major areas (1) storey of the ANE, (2) archeological understanding of the invigorationstyle, (3) literature, and (4) language.CHAPTER 2Chapter two deals with the antithetical ways in which comparative studies are used within current scholarship. Walton first attends to the ways in which comparative studies are being utilized within be intimately scholarship. As additional information is unearthed around the ANE, many another(prenominal) of the ideas onc e held in critical scholarship rich person been challenged. Previous assumptions about texts and vox populis, primarily based on evolution, are being reconsidered. Critical scholarship has a floor of assuming that critical thought and religious practice had simple beginnings and have evolved finished time. seek is show uping these assumptions in source criticism,reaction criticism, and issues of dating to be in put in light of the data. Though, as Walton notes, there has been more(prenominal) or less resistance to comparative studies within the circles of critical scholarship, most of the data being provided is being accepted and studied at greater length.Walton too notes the use of comparative studies in polemics and dismisses such uses collectible to the fact that the text is not approached in a scholarly manner. Scholars of a more conservative persuasion, primarily Evangelicals, and others termed confessional scholars by Walton, have had a more laborious time adopting comparative studies. As further information has been gathered about the relation of the Pentateuch to ANE literature and as new data has arisen through archeology, confessional scholars have felt their longstanding foundations threatened, which has caused their hesitancy to fully embrace comparative studies.Many feel that maintaining the Bibles unique status among other ANE literature is of supreme importance and continue to argue that comparative studies degrades the inspiration of the text thus making matinee idols word subject to mans interpretation. Walton closes the chapter by proposing an integrated approach including critical analysis to better understand the history of the Bible, unbiased and educated defense of the biblical text, and solid exegesis that guards the reader from understanding the text outside of its context. Walton argues that the field of comparative studies must be fundamental not only to serious scholars, but also to anyone committed to truly knowing and understanding the Word of matinee idol.CHAPTER 3Chapter three is dedicated to a brief overview of the literary styles of the ANE and gives examples of the styles from some of the primary deal groups. The discussion begins with myth, which was one of the primary ways that ancient civilizations explained their present authoritativeity. Short examples from several cultures are granted and include many parallels to the Biblical stories such as the creation account and the flood. Others bear poor resemblance to the Bible such as the stories of the armed combat gods of Akkadian myths. Next are literary texts and epics which tell the stories of the kings of different lands, their struggles to power, and their exploits while ruling. The most famous is the Gilgamesh epic, which follows Gilgamesh on his journey to find immortality. The third literary type is ritual textswhich, as the name says, follow the rituals of the people groups of the ancient world. Rituals were heavy as they he lped macrocosm communicate with and persuade the gods. Fourth, Walton deals with vaticination and incantation texts which were used to divine the meanings of omens, discover evil spells, and ward off bad spirits.These are dealt with at length later in the book. Fifth, he explains the significance of the use of letters exchanged betwixt kings gives the modern day reader noteworthy information about the culture of the past. Walton then moves to royal inscriptions which were recordings ordered by kings. They could contain items such as details on how a building was to be constructed, conquests, details of how to handle their succession, and other various accomplishments and instructions. In a similar vein are annals and chronicles which minute the succession of rulers through the history of an empire, coupled with their important victories in war. Treaties were another piece of literature that was used to establish rules between kings and rulers of different lands.The next member deals with government and points out law collections and legal documents as important literary devices. While law collections detail the ways in which society was to run and how people were to behave, legal documents dealt with contracts for marriages, children, family e creates, and court rulings. Religious literature was also common in the Ancient Near East. Psalms and hymns were ways to give adoration to the gods so that they would be pleased and provide for the people. Wisdom literature contained details about how to take out good choices, but also contained laments and literary productions concerning ethics. Prophetic writing was another important communication because it contained communication from the gods which was a vital part of the animateness of the ancient cities. Kings sought answers to their problems from the gods and they received them through the prophets. These prophesies were often recorded. Walton closes the chapter by noting various miscellaneous writings as well as archives, which were groups of literature often found together which contained all sorts of different information.CHAPTER 4Chapter four opens the third section of the book which is an overview of the religious views of the ANE. In order to fully understand the Old Testament and the interactions of the Hebrew people with God, and other false gods, it is important to understand how the religious system worked.throughout the chapter Walton shows how other empires worshiped and compares those beliefs to beliefs held by Israel. low gear and foremost, the other people groups of the ANE were polytheistic and therefore, the idea of one God was odd in itself. Add to this the fact that the Israelite God was not made and had simply always been, and the oddities became significantly greater. Not only was the norm polytheistic, but there were great stories about how the gods came to be, their battles with one another, their failures, and their flaws. The gods were defined by the th ings that they did. Earlier chapters note the fact that the culture of this time period was highly focused on function. Again, due to the polytheism, the gods functioned as a team of sorts. The God of the Bible is, indeed, three in one, but nonetheless one God who is all powerful.The Old Testament does make mention of a council that God used to make decisions, but this is altogether different from the unstable group of random gods of other people groups which were completely separate, with different gifts and skills, and with significant flaws. Walton then turns to the intentions that the gods played in the population as well as their attributes. Whereas Yahweh is completely outside of the human racekind, the gods of the ANE were associated with elements of the cosmos. So while Yahweh is the creator of the sun, the moon, and the waters, the gods of other polytheistic religions actually were one with those elements. They had no feeling or meaning independent from those elements. For instance, the god of the seas controlled the sea and was the sea itself. There was no bank bill and no separation as with the God of the Israelites. The attributes of the gods were in some ways similar to Yahweh, but were altogether different in others.The most notable difference of opinion is the fact that while Yahweh is completely other, the gods were infixedly human in their characteristics. They argued with one another, they needed to be flattered with prayers that did not necessarily communicate their true nature, they were limited in their geographic location, they pro crapd, and they failed. People of the ANE had attributed to the gods of their myths the same characteristics that they saw in their e actuallyday lives. The main difference between the gods and macrocosm was that the gods were simply stronger. All other characteristics were intrinsically human. This is a far cry from the God of the Bible who is holy, not bound by anything, and never fails. The chapter c loses by dealing with a truly important part of themakeup of the gods, their divine attributes.In Evangelical circles God is not simply described as being loving. Rather, He is love itself. God does not simply rule in a just way, he is the figure of justice. The God of the Old Testament is perfection in every area of everything. There is no flaw or limitation in him. His comprehension, love, justice, and mercy are not only perfect in and of themselves, but God is those things. The gods of the ANE were significantly different in that the attributes that they had were directly linked to their actions. There were no inherent attributes in them, or as Walton says, deity is as deity does. The duties that separately god had were the attributes that they carried.CHAPTER 5Chapter five is dedicated to the understanding of the role of the synagogue and the convey with rituals in the ANE. Walton first deals with the role that the temple played. Temples were created not primarily for wor ship of the gods, but were the enjoins where the gods resided while on earth. This was a sacred space that was to be chuck up the sponge from all profanity and reserved for the rest and worship of that god. Each temple contained an idol, like a plaque or a statue. This statue was not simply a rendering the commonly held view was that the god actually populate the idol in some way without actually becoming the idol. Because of this, the ancients believed that the creation of the idol was preternaturally overseen and organized by that specific god so that the idol would meet its expectations. This process was familiar to the Old Testament prophets and they prophesied against the idols and false gods. Attached to the temple was at least one ziggurat, which was a structure that encased a stairway which served as a portal for the god from the heavenly realm into the earthly temple.These were enceinte structures and this was probably what Moses was referring to when he spoke of the to wer of Babel in Genesis. So in opposition to common Sunday school teaching, the tower of Babel was not meant to reach to the heavens, but was a portal meant to bring heaven to earth. The temple was the most important structure in ancient culture. It was the center of everything and, due to the fact that the god inhabited the temple, was the source of all things good. Temples were viewed as the center of the cosmos in the ancient world. Walton observes that in this area, the Bible and ancient myths agree in that the presence of the god, or Yahweh in the case of the Bible, was what made thespace important. He claims that the Garden of Eden was not a literal geographic place on earth, rather it was a place in the cosmos where God dwelt. The presence of God was what made Eden special. The same goes for the temples of the ancients.The presence of the gods made them the focal point of look. Not only was the temple the central point of worship, but also of law, the wealth of the city, an d the social activities of the people. The focal point of daily activities was the temple. That God would inhabit the tabernacle, or the temple, therefore, makes perfect sense in the culture of the ANE. Solomons temple is used as the focal point of the city, where God dwelt and where worship was given. Here, again, the ancient myths and the Bible agree. Harvest, weather, health, wealth, and victory in battle, among other things, were all controlled by the gods in the ANE. Due to this fact, the rituals that were performed for the gods in the temple were important to the livelihood of the people. The gods had to be appeased and the forces of evil and chaos needed to be held at bay.Rituals, therefore, were the way in which humans interacted with the gods to make sure that they were happy and that the cosmos was in balance. Blood sacrifices were not unique to the Israelites, but were a common trend of the day. However, unlike the other tribes of the ANE, the Israelites did not use incan tations. Furthermore, while faith in God was of primary concern for the Israelites, action and involvement in the cult of the temple were of paramount importance.CHAPTER 6In the midst of everything that was happening in and around the temple, the way in which the common people of the land practiced religion was different. The contrast between the religion of the state and the religion of the common people is the focus of this chapter. Religion in the city environment is handled first. As mentioned in previous chapters, the gods were to be served, taken care of, and appeased. For these reasons, the idols mentioned in chapter five were cared for just as one might take care of a new born baby. They were woken, fed, pampered, and put to bed at night. The problem was that there was no way to know if the people were, indeed, pleasing the god. Without any revelation there was no way to know if the practices were actually making any difference in the temperament of the god. Each god was as signed roles and responsibilities, and each one, in turn,delegated their responsibilities back to the people. For instance, a certain god might be in dart of keeping justice, but those responsibilities were meted out to the king.However, in the midst of all of this service to the gods, the gods were prone to be temperamental. Gods would change their minds and moods often. Diviners might offer solutions like full-grown more money or upgrading the temple, but again, without revelation the gods were unknowable and this kept the ancient people always guessing and attempting new tactics to change their situations. Yahweh stood in destitute contrast to the gods of the polytheistic pantheon. God has no need of anything from man. He is not contained. All of his choices are perfect and right. What is most important, however, is the fact that He communicated with his people so that they were fully aware of what he expected and in order that they might know the consequences for their action s. The religion of the common people was significantly different however. Whereas the temple and the deeds of the state were dedicated to one of the higher and more powerful gods, the common people had individual gods, lower on the polytheistic totem pole, that they worshiped and attempted to appease.Usually homage to these gods was passed down from generation to generation. Abrahams initial communication with and faith in God, before the Hebrews were a people, fit the idea of a personal god. The primary goal of having a personal god was to bring the family social success, stature, and wealth. The race with these gods was different from he descent that Abraham had with Yahweh. Just as with the state, there was no real heart-connect with the god, no real desire to know him and be like him. The goal was to keep the god happy so that the family would reap the benefits. This attitude presented itself in the weak prayer life of the people. When a familys personal god was not doing th e things that caused their family success, the family was looked down upon in society. It was clear that the family was doing something wrong that was not satisfying the demands of the god.The emphasis was not on the wrongdoing, but on the view society held of your family. Prayers and ritual acts to please the god focused on restoration of respect in the town, not restoration of a relationship with the god. Ethics and morals were also tightly bound to the gods and the balance of society. There were not ethical norms as there are in the modern context. Everything rotated around the gods and what they wanted. Because of the idea of continuity among allof the realms, morals were not necessarily important. Whatever it took to keep society orderly and balanced was what took priority. So, if orgies or other familiar actions pleased the gods and kept things in order, then it was perfectly acceptable. There was no sense that things of this nature might be considered immoral. These absolut es can only be found in a God who guides one to moral absolutes and makes clear what is morally right and wrong.This is what God did as he revealed himself to Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob orally, and how he set up guidelines with the nation of Israel at Mt. Sinai. God does what the artificial gods of the pagans could not do. He revealed himself so that the Israelites could know his will and follow it. He committed to them in a cartel relationship and taught them how to live within that relationship. He showed them how to strive for holiness, by imitating him, an idea that was otherwise nonexistent. He showed them how to have the best possible life, and ultimately, developed a relationship with them personally.CHAPTER 7Chapter seven is the first chapter in the fourth part of the book, which is dedicated to the cosmos. The seventh chapter in particular deals with how the people of the ANE viewed the makeup of the cosmos. Whereas, due to science and exploration, people in modern times un derstand that the earth is round and that it travels around the sun while spinning on its own axis, the views of how the cosmos functioned were significantly different in the ANE. Understanding the ancient view of cosmological geography is vital in comprehending the worldview of the ANE. Many of the people groups of the ANE understood the cosmos to be layered. The commonwealth was the middle layer with heaven above and the netherworld below. The earth was thought to stand still and the sun was thought to travel on a put over up on one side of the earth, across the sky, and down into the netherworld in the evening.In some myth systems it was believed that the sky, which was believed to be solid, was supported by mountains at the edges of the earth, while yet other traditions claimed that the earth was supported by giant columns. In addition, ANE myths believed that the sky held the waters back and that when precipitation came, the water was move through cracks or holes in the sky layer. It is important to note that the world of the ANE was primarily pertain about function over mere existence. Therefore, thecosmos had no importance in and of itself, but only within the context of the gods using nature to accomplish their desires and dole out their punishments. Regardless of the different views held within the ancient tribes, they all viewed the area that they inhabited as the center of the cosmos.Walton shows that this view about the makeup up of the cosmos was held by the Israelites as well. We have no reason to believe that the modern view of the cosmos was held by the Israelites. Throughout the Old Testament we see references that show that the Israelites held to the common views of the cosmos first and foremost because that was the normal view in those days, but also because God never revealed to them any other way by which to understand the cosmos.CHAPTER 8Chapter eight handles the important issues of the origin and order of the cosmos. Gaining knowledg e about the origin of the world gives excellent insight into the creation account and shows the student of the Bible the important value that God places on humans. As mentioned earlier it is necessary to understand that the culture of the ANE valued function over existence. For something to merely exist was not nearly as important as the function of that thing. This idea has significant repercussions when it comes to the study of cosmogony. Moderns often read the creation account and assume that God was calling things into existence, but this view would not have made much sense to anyone writing in the ANE. It would have been a foreign idea because to simply bring something into existence was of little consequence. Creation was more focused on a purpose than it was on making an object available.One of the first and most important steps in the making functional process was the naming of things, which fits nicely into the creation account of the Bible. God creates and names. This nami ng process kick starts that objects function. Walton makes some very interesting points when it comes to the Biblical account of creation. He says that it should be understood, from the text, that the account in the first chapter of Genesis is not one of God creating things that did not exist, but bring order and function to those things. The reader can notice that Genesis 1never claims that there was nothing. It simply communicates that the earth was without form it had no order or function. He mentions that on days one through three God does not simply create light,water and vegetation, but that he was bringing function to those things by giving light the function of time-keeping, water the function of the climate, and vegetation the function of providing food for man and animals.Therefore, unlike the gods of the other tribes, the God of the Bible gives function and destiny to all things from the very beginning. He is not trying to manage the cosmos and the functions therein, he has already created and set them in motion with specific purpose. His initial purposes for all things cannot be changed and need no management. The chapter closes by explaining the temple as a depiction of the cosmos. This idea is touched on in chapter five and is reiterated here. The place of rest for the gods was their temple. When everything was in order they were able to relax in their sacred space. God, however, is bigger than anything that he has created and uses the earth as his footstool. The Temple of Yahweh was modeled after the cosmos to show this relationship.CHAPTER 9Literature, religion, and the cosmos have all been dealt with thus far. Now Walton turns to how people functioned and were understood in the context of the ANE. The first step, which is the focus of chapter nine, is to understand how people thought about the past and recorded history. Any conversation about humans naturally begins with their origins. The biblical account of the creation of humans is unique from the myths of the ANE in several ways. First is the fact that the Genesis account sets up turn and Eve as the sole couple from which all other humans come, known as monogenesis. In other myths, humans are made in more of a group setting, polygenesis, where there is no singular couple from which all human life stems. Secondly is the difference in substance from which humans are created. The biblical account notes that God used the dust of the ground to create Adam and that He breathed life into his nostrils, whereas other matter, including clay and body parts from conquered gods, were used in other myths.The conversation then moves from how humans were made to what pieces or parts they actually contain. Walton notes that there remains disagreement as to whether humans are a unified whole or if they are separated in some way by body, mind, and spirit. Walton notes that due to language barriers, the spoken language describing the human makeup from the ANE are difficult to transl ate and explain. The Egyptians used several terms todescribe how humans were made. Ka was the natural character of a person based on their ties to their lineage. Ba was the way in which they displayed themselves to society, similar to a reputation. Akh was the soul or spirit of a person that was said to live on after death. The Israelites, on the other hand, used different terms.Perhaps, due to the aforementioned language issues, it is best to quote Walton in this explanation. He says that, nephesh is related to awareness and perception while ruah is related to consciousness and vitality. Finally, the chapter deals with the role of humans in the cosmos. There is a very important distinction to be made in this area between the views of the Egyptians, Akkadians, and Sumarians and the views of the Israelites. The former saw the gods as the center of the cosmos and humans as an unimportant byproduct to assist the gods and appease them, whereas the latter saw their role as priests create d to serve God. The Bible gives an important role to humans as the pinnacle of Gods creation, and this idea is unique in the ANE.CHAPTER 10Chapter ten addresses the recording of history and the mentality that drove the guidelines that the people of the ANE followed in recording history. Furthermore, the chapter shows what that set of guidelines communicates about the mindset of the recorders. As this text has clearly stated, the mindset of the people of the ANE was focused around the gods. The modern mindset is one that focuses on the things that people can see and experience. Modern history is based on physical facts. The cognitive environment of the ANE was such that natural proof or fact was not the main concern. The ancient culture was focused on the gods and what means had been employed to please and serve the gods. Deity was the focal point of historiography. Furthermore, the goals of history were different than the goals of a modern-day diarist. While the journalist of toda y is concerned about facts and events, the ancients were concerned about the meaning of those events.Due to the fact that everything that happened was tied to the gods in some way, history was the result of what was happening in the supernatural world. These happenings, of course, were of primary importance, so little significance was placed on the events themselves. Rather, the emphasis was on deciphering what information theseevents were communicating about the actions of the gods. The way in which events of history worked together and the purpose tin them was also significant. There was a sense of an underlying through-line beneath the surface of every event in history. A good example of this mindset would be the way in which Christians believe that amidst all of the surface things in life, God is working out his perfect will. What happened in each event was not nearly as important as how that event may have furthered a larger piece of the register of life. The differences in m indset between the ancients and moderns continue in the area of explaining time.Today most people think of time as linear the present is now, the past behind, and the future ahead. This was not the normative view of time in the ANE. It was as if the person standing on the time line were turned around, looking into the past with the future behind them. Their view of the past and how it alter the future was most important. The final portion of the chapter focuses on the necessity of understanding the form in which history was written in order to fully realize the meaning of the history itself. Often writers were not necessarily attempting to provide legitimate history telling in their narratives. Because of this, the facts leading up to the conclusion may or may not be accurate because there was no need for them to be so. Much narrative was fiction.Therefore, to understand the writings of the ANE, one must realize that narrative is not primarily concerned about the events, as mention ed above, but on the outcomes, which affects ones ability to glean truth-telling history from the narrative writings. Additionally, the source of the literature, who it promotes, and the audience it was intended for all play an important role in attempting to understand the history of the times. These values, as Walton calls them, play a significant role in how ancient history is to be interpreted. The aforementioned points affect the way in which the Old Testament is read and understood. The history that is recorded in the Old Testament, though it is divinely inspired, must still be understood in the context in which it was written, taking into consideration the values, writers, intended audience, poetics, and importance of deity.CHAPTER 11Chapter football team moves to the next step by considering how people lived their day to day lives. Divination, mentioned briefly in other chapters, isnow fully explained. Divination was the attempt to try to recoup from a god the future, or to gain a better comprehension of that god. There were two types of divination, inspired and deductive. Inspired divination involved a gist from the gods through a human messenger, while deductive divination included a message from the gods sent through natural means like events or weather. People who engaged in this process were known by different names depending on the type of divination they practiced and the type of omens they used. Inspired messages often came through prophets and dreams. Official prophets were paid and trained by the king to serve as intermediaries between him and the gods. Others, outside of the kings employ that received random messages were known as informal prophets. Dreams generally came to people by happenstance, and because there was so much to decipher, there was much written in the area of dream interpretation.Deductive divination was a reading of signs and events done by trained people. Signs or omens might be found in the sky, through the weather, t he stars, the waters, organs of dead animals, lot casting, and other phenomena in nature. Attempting to divine answers about the future helped people feel a sense of control and normalcy. The Bible employs inspired divination as God speaks through the prophets and assists Daniel and Joseph, among others, to interpret dreams. However, the reading of others signs and omens, as in deductive divination, are scolded as evil by the Old Testament. Magic was also practiced in the ANE. Where divination discovered different meanings or problems, magic was able to use power to fix those problems. Incantations and rituals were used to appease the anger of the gods, to eliminate the evil spirits, to cleanse the affected home or space, and to cleanse the effected person from those evil spirits so that they could continue to function as normal.Magicians, known as Asipu were elevated to a high place, similar to a priest, and were focused on discovering and eliminating bad spirits. The Asu used herb s and other natural remedies to aid in the effect of the incantations. Next, the text explains the specific goals of divination. First and foremost, the goal was to legitimize the king and give him guidance. Omens were not set in stone, but rather, were annunciateions and warnings. If a good omen was found, that didnt necessarily guarantee that the good deal would come to pass, and vice versa. A main point in understanding the importance of divination was theissue of certainty.One would think that after several failed attempts to predict the future, the practice would lose its validity. However, this was not the common mindset. Rather than perfect prediction of the future, divination should be understood more along the lines of, drawing a particular issue to ones attention. (269) The chapter ends by quickly dealing with the test of a true prophet given in Deuteronomy 18. If a prophesy is off or does not come true, can that prophet immediately be discredited? Walton concludes that based on several texts, prophets were given an prospect to show their trustworthiness, but if they continued to prove that their words were not from God, they were disregarded.CHAPTER 12Chapter twelve delves further into how the importance of the city partners with life and purpose of the king. Earlier chapters noted that the people who lived outside of the cities practiced religion in different ways. Within the ANE cultures, living outside of the city or being a nomad was frowned upon. Life in the city was the best life in which to be engaged. The Mesopotamians as well as the Egyptians believed that cities were created by the gods, before humans, as a tie to the past. Just as in every other fit of life in the ANE, the objectives of both the city and the king were to please the gods. Cities were the epicenter of the world they were a place where people lived and did business, but ultimately where the temples were. Each city had its own temple that was dedicated to a specific god. The importance of the city was somewhat the same for the Israelites. Gods home on earth was the temple, and the temple was located in the city of Jerusalem.The difference, however, was that there was only one temple for the Israelites, and that temple was in one city. Kings were the rulers of the time, thus directly tied to the cities, and therefore kingship played a very important role in religious practice. Kings were thought to have been chosen by the gods and were always attempting to show that the gods approved of them as king. They were the mediators between the gods and the people who lived under their rule. It was said that they had access to the gods and their plans in a way that no other person did. The view of king was so high in Egypt that he was seen as divine. The king had many responsibilities in regard to the upkeep of the city, one of the most important being the institution of justice.But it was also the kings responsibility to leadthe disturb in appeasing the god s so that their land would be safe and overflow with blessing. Again, these ideas are very similar to Hebrew kingship. God did choose a king and he gave them authority to speak on His behalf. Some pose that the OT is anti-king, but it is best to take from the text that God had always planned for a king. He was disgusted that the people did not want him to rule over them and that they wanted a king on their time line. And, of course, from the line of King David comes the ultimate king, the Messiah.CHAPTER 13Chapter thirteen unpacks even more about how the people of the ANE lived, specifically how their laws were enforced, how wisdom was passed down, their views of justice, and how justice and ethics were related. The first section focuses on the treatises medical, divinatory, and legal. These writings were wisdom passed down from past decisions made to offer guidance to the next set of people who would be making the decisions. Medical personnel could find remedies that worked, divine rs could better know how to interpret an omen, and the king would know hold justice might have been handled prior to his time. These treatises were a series of if statements that explained certain situations and how to handle them. An example might be, if a man steals something, cut off his hand. It is important to note that there was not necessarily a set group of laws, rather, these treatises, along with wisdom literature, were used to create the norms of justice based on what had worked in the past. These pieces of literature served to legitimize the king.The Book of the Covenant is the Israelite writing that most closely resembles this type of literature. Wisdom literature from Egypt and Mesopotamia also played an important role in keeping societal order, but in a different fashion. Wisdom from such literature was meant to foresee strength problems and develop ways to alter the behavior in society so that potential problems would not present themselves. Walton explains that law , as we understand it today, was not a part of the culture of the ANE. There was not a list of rules written down that people used to regulate the way in which they lived. Rather, the state functioned based on personal ideas of fairness, wisdom from kings past, and the king at the present time. The goals were always balance and order in society and in the cosmos. Ergo, as the gods deliveredtheir responsibilities down through the kings, the kings were held trusty for keeping order in society by handling the judicial responsibilities entrusted to him by the gods.As mentioned in the section on morals and ethics, the gods were primarily concerned about social order, and the personal morality of people was not specifically important. The chapter closes by comparing the way in which people outside of Israel tried to live and how the Hebrews were guided by God to live. While the pagan tribes were focused on conforming to societal expectations, honoring the king, and pleasing the gods, Yah weh had revealed himself to Israel and had given details through the ten Commandments and the covenant about how to live a holy life. While the pagan communities continued to try and determine a right way to live by waiting for answers from mute gods, the Israelites had heard from the Almighty and were trying to obey the details of the covenant agreement.CHAPTER 14Having dealt with the ideas of how life began, the importance of familial heritage, and the ways in which life functioned in the day-to-day of the ANE, the final chapter of the book focuses on how future life on earth and the afterlife were viewed in the ANE. The idea of a better life in the future was foreign to the ANE mindset. The focus was not to make a better life for oneself, but to continue the legacy of the family name. Having an heir who would take care of the family business and continue the worship of the familys gods was vital. Regardless of their situation, there was no savior coming to make things better. Is rael, on the other hand, had the hope of the Messiah, which many misunderstood to be an earthly king who would come to free them from bondage and return them to their place of stature as in the days of David. The afterlife was, except for a failed weighing of the heart in Egyptian thought, generally not believed to be a place of punishment.The Egyptians believed that the ba and the ka were separated from the body at death, and that if the correct processes involved in burial were practiced, they would be enabled to reconnect with those pieces. In Mesopotamia, just as the future of life was strongly tied to the idea of family and community, so was the afterlife. The worst thing that could happen to a dead person was im meet burial which would cut them off from the family and relegate them to a life alone.Additionally, those who did not receive a proper burial were thought to be potentially dangerous spirits. It was common practice that those still alive from the family would care for those dead by providing water libations, providing left-over food from the table, and belongings meals in honor of their ancestors.Specially trained men would assist them in communicating with the deceased. The netherworld is the name that was consistently used for the afterlife. Humans, aside from kings who were given the opportunity to enter into heaven with the gods, all ended up here. There are multiple stories about the process that one might take in order to gain access to the netherworld, but all eventually ended up here. This is never indicated as a place of torment, but just a plain and boring existence hopefully in community with their ancestors. The Israelite idea of Sheol, which is mentioned in the Old Testament, is not to be understood as hell either. Walton indicates that there is no text that supports the interpretation that Sheol is to be understood in this fashion.POSTSCRIPTIn the postscript, Walton reminds the reader of the importance of comparative studies and h ow vital it is to understand the Old Testament within its cognitive environment. He admits that he has not created the perfect text on the subject, but that one of his goals was to try and further develop the idea of comparative studies in a more complete manner where others have shied to the safe side and not tackled a work such as this. The second goal was to show that the Israelites shared in the cognitive environment of the ANE, which this reader believes he did very well. The author notes that the literature involved in the study of the ANE must be connected to the culture in which it was written and understood in light of it. The final portion shows the latter to be true by summarizing the main areas of thought and the similarities and differences between Israel and the other nations. All believed that the source of human beings was the gods, but only Israel believed in the creation of an original man and woman from whom all other people came.All attempted to please their gods , but only Israel had received revelation that communicated what Yahweh was thinking and what he expected. All were under the rule of a higher power, for Israel it was their upholding of the covenant while for the others it was submission to the king and the gods that had instituted hisrule. While social norms and literature passed down from old kings drove behavior in most people of the ANE, the revelation from God at Sinai gave the Hebrew people a guide for how to live. While all others had no hope of anything good in the future nor anything exciting in the afterlife, the Israelites were given the promise of a king who would come through David whose throne would last forever.Walton ends the text with a final statement that is worth repeating in this summary. He concludes that all of the information proposed within the text should be used to guard against a facile or uninformed imposition of our own cognitive environment on the texts of ancient Israel, which is all too typical in c onfessional circles. May all confessional readers of Gods word strive to understand his revelation as best as possible so that we might know and discern the perfect will of the one, true God.WORKS CITEDWalton, John H.. Ancient Near Eastern Thought and the Old Testament Introducing the Conceptual World of the Hebrew Bible. Grand Rapids Baker Academic, 2006.